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Teas Ap > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and fluids, as well as removal of metabolic wastes.

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2
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) → 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water)

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3
Q

How does oxygen move from the air into the blood?

A

Oxygen moves down its partial pressure gradient from the air into the blood of the alveolar capillaries.

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4
Q

Where does most oxygen bind in the blood?

A

To hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells.

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5
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration?

A

It is transported away from tissues and diffuses out of the alveolar capillaries.

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6
Q

In what form does most carbon dioxide travel in the blood?

A

As bicarbonate ions.

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7
Q

What role do the kidneys play in the circulatory system?

A

They filter metabolic waste products like urea and regulate levels of fluids and ions in the blood.

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8
Q

Which nutrients are circulated to target cells after digestion?

A

Glucose, amino acids, and fats.

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9
Q

What is required for lipid-soluble molecules to be transported in blood?

A

A carrier protein.

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10
Q

What detects changes in temperature in the body?

A

Thermoreceptors.

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11
Q

What part of the brain regulates body temperature?

A

The hypothalamus.

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12
Q

What occurs during vasodilation?

A

Arterioles dilate, allowing more blood to flow through capillary beds near the surface of the skin.

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13
Q

What is the function of vasoconstriction?

A

Reduces blood flow near the body’s surface to minimize heat loss.

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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15
Q

What is the function of the epicardium?

A

Protects the heart and secretes lubricating serous fluid.

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16
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the vena cava?

A

Right atrium.

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17
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk?

A

Right ventricle.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The muscular ‘discharging’ chambers of the heart are called _______.

A

ventricles.

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19
Q

True or False: The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins.

A

True.

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20
Q

What is the primary role of the myocardium?

A

Contracts to pump blood.

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21
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium when the ventricle contracts

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22
Q

What does the aortic semilunar valve do?

A

Stops the backflow of blood into the left ventricle as it leaves through the aorta

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23
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The thin inner lining of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Lines Herat chambers and valves

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24
Q

What role do endothelial cells play in vasoconstriction?

A

They release peptides called endothelins that cause smooth muscle contraction

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25
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the vessels during ventricular contraction
When hear contracts and pumps

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26
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats
When hear relaxes and fills

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27
Q

What is the normal blood pressure reading typically expressed as?

A

Systolic/diastolic (e.g., 120/80 mmHg)

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28
Q

What is the systemic circuit responsible for?

A

Carrying blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

29
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the systemic circuit?

A

From the aorta to arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, and back through veins

30
Q

What is the primary difference between blood in the systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood in the systemic circuit carries more oxygen than in the pulmonary circuit

31
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ circuit carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

A

pulmonary

32
Q

True or False: Blood pressure is higher in the systemic circuit than in the pulmonary circuit.

A

True

33
Q

What happens to blood vessels when oxygen levels are low?

A

They dilate to promote blood flow to tissues that need it

34
Q

What occurs if the endothelium is damaged?

A

It releases chemicals required for clot formation

35
Q

What is the significance of the smoothness of the endothelium?

A

It reduces friction between blood and the vessel wall

36
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The part of the circulatory system that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

It involves the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.

37
Q

What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk to the right and left pulmonary arteries, then to the lungs for gas exchange

Blood becomes oxygenated in the capillaries of the lungs.

38
Q

What happens to oxygenated blood after gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Oxygenated blood leaves the capillaries through venules, merges into veins, and returns to the left atrium via four pulmonary veins

In the pulmonary circuit, arteries carry less oxygen than veins.

39
Q

What triggers vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Low blood oxygen levels

This mechanism redirects blood to better-ventilated parts of the lung.

40
Q

What components make up the electrical conduction system of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, internodal pathways, Bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, anterior and posterior fascicles

This system generates and propagates electrical impulses for heart contractions.

41
Q

What does the P wave on an ECG represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

It corresponds to the electrical impulse generated by the SA node.

42
Q

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization

It corresponds to the electrical impulse traveling through the ventricles.

43
Q

What is indicated by the T wave on an ECG?

A

Ventricular repolarization

The T wave is longer than the QRS complex and is smooth and round.

44
Q

What does a normal QRS complex duration indicate?

A

Ventricular depolarization occurs very rapidly

A normal QRS complex is 0.06 to 0.1 seconds in duration.

45
Q

What does the ST segment on an ECG correspond to?

A

The period in which the ventricle is completely depolarized

It is measured from the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave.

46
Q

What does the U wave represent on an ECG?

A

Further repolarization of the ventricle

It may follow the T wave and is usually small.

47
Q

Fill in the blank: The R wave is a positive wave on an ECG and is the predominant portion of the _______ complex.

A

QRS

The R wave may or may not be preceded by an R’ wave.

48
Q

What is the significance of the junction of the QRS complex and the ST segment?

A

It is usually a 90° angle and indicates the transition from depolarization to repolarization

This point is critical for understanding the cardiac cycle.

49
Q

What percentage of all white blood cells are granulocytes?

A

Approximately 75%

50
Q

What are the four types of granulocytes?

A
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Mast cells
51
Q

How are basophils stained in the laboratory?

A

Black by basic stains

52
Q

What role do eosinophils play in the immune system?

A

Defense against parasites and responding to allergens

53
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

Defense against infection from microorganisms

54
Q

What blood types are included in the ABO blood group?

A
  • A
  • B
  • O
  • AB
55
Q

What antigens are present in individuals with blood type AB?

A

A and B antigens

56
Q

What antibodies do individuals with type O blood produce?

A

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

57
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

An antigenic substance

58
Q

What occurs when a blood vessel is damaged?

A

Smooth muscle constricts and platelets adhere to collagen

59
Q

What is formed when platelets aggregate at the site of injury?

A

A plug

60
Q

What are the two main types of coagulation mechanisms?

A
  • Intrinsic
  • Extrinsic
61
Q

What is the oxygen-carrying component of blood?

A

Hemoglobin

62
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind?

A

Up to four

63
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

Form of hemoglobin that transports carbon dioxide

64
Q

What regulates heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

65
Q

What neurotransmitter increases heart rate?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

66
Q

What effect does acetylcholine (ACh) have on heart rate?

A

Slows the heart rate

67
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

High and low blood pressure

68
Q

What hormone is secreted by the kidneys when blood pressure drops?

A

Renin

69
Q

What does aldosterone promote?

A

Reabsorption of water, increasing plasma volume

Teas Ap (12 decks)

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