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Teas Ap > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What begins mechanical digestion in the mouth?

A

The voluntary act of chewing (mastication)

This process involves the skeletal muscles of the mouth and pharynx.

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

An involuntary propulsive process that moves food in one direction

Contraction of muscles that push down food further

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3
Q

What is segmentation?

A

A process occurring in the intestines where non-adjacent portions contract and relax to move chyme

This process helps mix and propel partly digested food.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of saliva?

A

To lubricate food and begin chemical breakdown

Saliva contains enzymes that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates and fats.

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5
Q

What are the three pairs of major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands

These glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity.

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6
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

To serve as a passageway for food from the pharynx to the stomach

The esophagus is approximately 25 cm long and has four layers.

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7
Q

What is the primary role of the stomach?

A

Storage and mechanical breakdown of food

The stomach can stretch to accommodate a large volume of food.

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8
Q

What is chyme?

A

A creamy paste formed from food mixed with gastric juices

This process occurs in the stomach during digestion.

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9
Q

What regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine?

A

The pyloric sphincter

This valve controls the flow of chyme from the stomach.

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10
Q

What enzyme is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

Pepsin is the active form of pepsinogen, which is secreted by the chief cells.

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11
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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12
Q

What is the function of gastric lipase?

A

Continues the digestion of fats

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13
Q

What do mucous cells secrete to protect the stomach?

A

Bicarbonate-containing mucus

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14
Q

What is the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

Prevents the reflux of acidic contents

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15
Q

What regulates the release of chyme into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter (valve)

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16
Q

What are gastric folds called?

A

Rugae

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17
Q

What is the primary digestive function of the liver?

A

Production of bile that helps breakdown fat

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18
Q

What role do bile salts play in digestion?

A

Breakdown of fat

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19
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

Gallbladder

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20
Q

What hormone signals the gallbladder to contract?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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21
Q

What structure allows bile to spill into the duodenum?

A

Duodenal papilla

Bile can also flow directly from the liver to the duodenum.

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22
Q

What process occurs when blood sugar is too high?

A

Glycogenesis
Glucose converted to glycogen

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23
Q

What process occurs when blood sugar is too low?

A

Glycogenolysis
Glycogen turned into glucose

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24
Q

In prolonged fasting, how does the liver produce glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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25
Q

What toxic waste product does the liver convert to urea?

A

Ammonia

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26
Q

Which hormones does the pancreas secrete as an endocrine gland?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Somatostatin
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27
Q

What stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release enzyme-rich juices?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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28
Q

What is the role of secretin in digestion?

A

Stimulates duct cells to release bicarbonate-rich solution

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29
Q

What type of enzymes does pancreatic juice contain?

A
  • Pancreatic amylase
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Proteases
  • Nucleases
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30
Q

What is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

A

Jejunum and ileum

31
Q

What structure increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Microvilli

32
Q

What is the primary mechanism for lipid and water absorption in the small intestine?

A

Simple diffusion

33
Q

True or False: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

A

True

34
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

35
Q

What mechanical process moves chyme toward the small intestine?

A

Peristalsis

36
Q

What do Brunner’s glands secrete?

A

Bicarbonate-containing fluid

37
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in the small intestine?

A

Neutralizes acidic chyme

38
Q

Fill in the blank: The small intestine is subdivided into the _______, jejunum, and ileum.

A

duodenum

39
Q

Which region of the small intestine is primarily responsible for absorption?

A

Jejunum

40
Q

What nutrients does the ileum primarily absorb?

A

Vitamin B12, bile salts, and unabsorbed nutrients

41
Q

What is the role of the ileocecal valve?

A

Controls movement of chyme into the large intestine

42
Q

What does the large intestine primarily absorb?

A

Water and certain vitamins
Electrolytes

43
Q

Fill in the blank: The large intestine is larger in _______ than the small intestine but shorter in length.

A

diameter

44
Q

What is the first portion of the large intestine called?

A

Cecum

45
Q

What is the function of resident bacteria in the large intestine?

A

Digest materials and produce vitamins

46
Q

What vitamins do resident gut flora help synthesize?

A

Vitamin K, biotin, thiamin, riboflavin

47
Q

What lubricates the walls of the large intestine?

A

Mucus

48
Q

What is the term for the blind-ended tube attached to the cecum?

A

Appendix

49
Q

How is the colon subdivided?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon

50
Q

What is the final part of the large intestine that opens to the anus?

A

Rectum

51
Q

What is the function of the rectal ampulla?

A

Storage area for feces before elimination

52
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A

A network of neurons in the gastrointestinal tract controlling digestive function

53
Q

What are the two main parts of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • Submucosal plexus
  • Myenteric plexus
54
Q

What is the role of the submucosal plexus?

A

Regulates local secretions, absorption, contraction of submucosal muscle, and blood flow

55
Q

What does the myenteric plexus control?

A

Motility of the gastrointestinal tract

56
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on digestive activities?

A

Stimulates digestive activities

57
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on digestive activities?

A

Inhibits digestive activities

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The rectum ends with an involuntary internal sphincter and a _______ external sphincter.

A

[voluntary]

59
Q

What happens to the internal and external sphincters during defecation?

A

Internal sphincter relaxes, external sphincter contracts

60
Q

What is the primary function of the rectum?

A

Storage and elimination of waste

61
Q

What does the myenteric plexus increase in the GI tract?

A
  • Tone
  • Rate
  • Intensity
  • Velocity of contractions
62
Q

What is the process of taking food into the body called?

A

Ingestion

It is the first stage of digestion.

63
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

Begins in the mouth with mastication (chewing) and continues in the stomach through churning.

64
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Breaking down food into simpler nutrients

Starts in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues in the stomach and small intestine with various enzymes.

65
Q

Which hormones are involved in the digestive process?

A

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), and bile

These hormones regulate various aspects of digestion.

66
Q

What is the primary function of absorption in the digestive system?

A

Taking digested nutrients into the bloodstream

Typically occurs in the small intestine.

67
Q

What is defecation?

A

The final stage of digestion where waste products are expelled

Involves the anus.

68
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates secretion of gastric juice

Gastric juice is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.

69
Q

What triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Detection of fats and proteins in the duodenum

CCK stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

70
Q

What is the role of secretin in digestion?

A

Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Helps neutralize acidic gastric juice.

71
Q

What is bile essential for?

A

Fat digestion and absorption

Also carries waste products into the feces.

72
Q

What hormones regulate blood sugar levels?

A

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin allows glucose uptake; glucagon stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose.

73
Q

Fill in the blank: The first part of the small intestine is called the _______.

A

duodenum

It plays a key role in digestion.

Teas Ap (12 decks)

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