Integumentary System

Question 1

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Answer 1

Stratum basale

The stratum basale contains a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that adhere to the basement membrane.

Question 2

What is the composition of the stratum granulosum?

Answer 2

Two to five layers of slightly flattened cells containing granules of keratohyalin

Cells in the superficial portion of this layer lose their nuclei.

Question 3

In which locations is the stratum lucidum present?

Answer 3

Palms and soles of feet

The stratum lucidum consists of dead, flattened keratinocytes containing eleidin.

Question 4

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Answer 4

Stratum corneum

This layer consists of 15 to 30 layers of dead, keratin-containing squamous cells.

Question 5

What function does the stratum corneum serve?

Answer 5

Helps to prevent water loss from the body

The stratum corneum is composed of dead cells that act as a barrier.

Question 6

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

Answer 6

Causes hair to stand upright

This muscle is associated with hair follicles and is responsible for goosebumps.

Question 7

What is the role of the basement membrane?

Answer 7

Anchors the epidermis to the dermis

The basement membrane is a thin layer that separates the epidermis from the dermis.

Question 8

What is the significance of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

Answer 8

They provide protection and barrier functions

Keratinocytes produce keratin, which helps waterproof the skin.

Question 9

What are the components of the integumentary system?

Answer 9

Skin, hair, nails, and glands

The integumentary system plays a crucial role in protecting the body.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The _______ sweat gland is associated with hair follicles and is involved in body odor.

Answer 10

Apocrine

Apocrine sweat glands are found in areas like the armpits and groin.

Question 11

What are keratinocytes?

Answer 11

The most common type of cell in the epidermis that produce keratin

Keratin is a fibrous protein that hardens cells and helps make the skin water resistant.

Question 12

What function do melanocytes serve?

Answer 12

They produce melanin, a pigment that gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.
Epidermis

Question 13

Where are Langerhans cells primarily found?

Answer 13

They are more common in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis.

Question 14

What is the role of Merkel cells?

Answer 14

They are cutaneous receptors that detect light touch.

Question 15

What type of cells are adipocytes?

Answer 15

Fat cells.

Question 16

What is the function of macrophages?

Answer 16

They are phagocytic cells that engulf potential pathogens.

Question 17

What role do mast cells play?

Answer 17

They are antigen-presenting cells involved in the inflammatory response (release histamine).

Question 18

What is thermoregulation?

Answer 18

The process by which the skin helps regulate body temperature through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and sweating.

Question 19

What happens to melanocyte activity when exposed to sunlight?

Answer 19

Melanocytes increase the production of melanin.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The skin helps prevent _______ from underlying tissues.

Answer 20

water loss

Question 21

What is the hypodermis?

Answer 21

A layer of subcutaneous tissue beneath the dermis that anchors the skin and provides insulation.

Question 22

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 22

• Eccrine glands
• Apocrine glands

Question 23

True or False: Eccrine glands are present all over the body.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What regulates sweat production?

Answer 24

The hypothalamus.

Question 25

What occurs during vasodilation of surface capillaries?

Answer 25

More blood enters capillary beds near the skin surface, promoting heat loss.

Question 26

What is hyperkeratosis?

Answer 26

An overdevelopment of the stratum corneum due to repeated mechanical abrasion.

Question 27

How do hairs provide protection?

Answer 27

• Shield the scalp from UV light
• Cushion injuries
• Trap foreign particles

Question 28

What is the acid mantle?

Answer 28

A mixture of sweat and sebaceous gland secretions that helps prevent infection.

Question 29

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 29

White blood cells in the skin that engulf disease-causing organisms.

Question 30

Eccrine glands

Answer 30

Important in evaporation of sweat