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Teas Ap > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

A

To coordinate and regulate important processes including metabolism, growth, immune function, reproduction, response to stress, and water and electrolyte balance.

The endocrine system is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

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2
Q

How do hormones travel in the endocrine system?

A

Hormones are secreted into the interstitial fluid, diffuse into the bloodstream, and are distributed throughout the body.

Only cells with specific receptors for the secreted hormones are affected.

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3
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that control other endocrine glands.

They target specific tissues and organs.

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4
Q

Name the major glands of the endocrine system.

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Gonads
  • Pancreas

Certain cells in the heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and placenta also have endocrine functions.

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5
Q

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands produce hormones and secrete them directly into the blood without the use of ducts.

Exocrine glands release non-hormone products through ducts.

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6
Q

Define hormones.

A

Molecules that bind to receptors and deliver regulatory messages.

Many hormones are steroids derived from cholesterol, while others are non-steroids like amines, peptides, and proteins.

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7
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

A

It acts as the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, communicating with the pituitary gland by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones.

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8
Q

What is the action of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.

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9
Q

What does Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) stimulate?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone (GH).

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10
Q

What is the function of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

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11
Q

What is the role of Oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contractions in the uterus and milk secretion from mammary glands.

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12
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target?

A

Targets the kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention.

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13
Q

What is the nickname for the pituitary gland, and why?

A

The ‘master gland’ because many of its hormones act on other endocrine glands.

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14
Q

List the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)

Each hormone has a specific target and action.

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15
Q

What is the action of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Targets the adrenal cortex and stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The hypothalamus produces _______ that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones.

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17
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Between the two hemispheres of the brain where the two halves of the thalamus join.

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18
Q

What shape is the thyroid gland?

A

Butterfly-shaped.

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19
Q

What is the isthmus in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

The point of attachment between the two lobes on the anterior portion of the trachea.

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20
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

Four small glands.

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21
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

Between the sternum and the heart, embedded in the mediastinum.

22
Q

What happens to the thymus gland after puberty?

A

It slowly decreases in size.

23
Q

What is the primary function of melatonin?

A

Regulates daily rhythm (wake and sleep).

24
Q

What hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin.

25
Q

True or False: Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.

A

True.

26
Q

What is the action of glucagon?

A

Increases blood glucose.

27
Q

What does GHIH inhibit?

A

The secretion of insulin and glucagon.

28
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla located?

A

On top of the kidneys.

29
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

30
Q

What is the outer portion of the adrenal gland called?

A

Adrenal cortex.

31
Q

What do mineralocorticoids target?

A

The kidneys, increasing the retention of sodium.

32
Q

What is the function of thymosin?

A

Stimulates the production of T-cells.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: The pancreas produces _______ which decreases blood glucose.

A

Insulin.

34
Q

What hormone is released in response to long-term stressors?

A

Glucocorticoids.

35
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin?

A

Stimulates the production of red blood cells.

36
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile.

37
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

In the lumbar region, one on each side of the sagittal plane.

38
Q

What is the function of angiotensinogen?

A

Precursor to angiotensin, involved in blood pressure regulation.

39
Q

What hormone suppresses appetite?

A

Leptin.

40
Q

True or False: Ghrelin stimulates appetite.

A

True.

41
Q

What hormone is produced by the ovaries that stimulates uterine lining growth?

A

Estrogen

Estrogen also regulates the menstrual cycle and facilitates the development of secondary sex characteristics.

42
Q

What is the primary action of progesterone?

A

Stimulates uterine lining growth and regulates menstrual cycle

Progesterone is also required for maintenance of pregnancy.

43
Q

Which hormone inhibits the release of FSH?

A

Inhibin

Inhibin targets the anterior pituitary.

44
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Within the scrotum, behind the penis

The testes produce testosterone.

45
Q

What is the main function of testosterone?

A

Promotes spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone targets the testes and many other tissues.

46
Q

What are the two major classifications of hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids) and water-soluble hormones (non-steroids)

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

47
Q

What is the base structure of steroid hormones?

A

Four fused carbon rings

Steroid hormones include sex hormones and corticosteroids.

48
Q

What are the major types of steroid hormones?

A

Sex hormones and corticosteroids

Sex hormones include estrogens, androgens, and progesterone; corticosteroids include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

49
Q

Fill in the blank: The ovaries produce _______ in small amounts.

A

Testosterone

This is in addition to their primary function of producing estrogen and progesterone.

50
Q

True or False: The placenta produces hormones only when not pregnant.

A

False

The placenta produces hormones during pregnancy.

Teas Ap (12 decks)

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