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Teas Ap > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of immunity in the immune system?

A

Non-specific (innate) immunity and adaptive (specific) immunity

Non-specific immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, while adaptive immunity develops over time.

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2
Q

What is the first line of defense against pathogens?

A

Mechanical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes

These barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body.

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3
Q

Name some chemical barriers involved in the immune response.

A
  • Low pH of gastric juice
  • Interferons
  • Antimicrobial proteins such as defensins
  • Complement proteins

These chemicals help to inhibit pathogen growth.

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4
Q

What role do phagocytes play in the immune system?

A

They engulf pathogens

Phagocytes are key components of the innate immune response.

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5
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

They destroy infected cells

Natural killer cells are part of the non-specific immune response.

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6
Q

How does inflammation contribute to immunity?

A

It offers nonspecific protection

Inflammation helps to isolate and eliminate pathogens.

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7
Q

What triggers an adaptive immune response?

A

An antigen

An antigen is a toxin or molecule on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes as foreign.

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8
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

A

They produce antibodies, kill infected cells, or direct other immune responses

Lymphocytes are crucial for the adaptive immune response.

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9
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune responses?

A

T-lymphocytes (T cells) and B-lymphocytes (B cells)

Both types of lymphocytes play distinct roles in the immune response.

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10
Q

True or False: Adaptive immunity acts quickly upon first exposure to an antigen.

A

False

Adaptive immunity may be slow to act initially but improves with subsequent exposures.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The ‘memory’ of the immune system allows for ______ responses in subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

A

faster

This memory is a key feature of adaptive immunity.

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12
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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13
Q

What type of immunity are T cells involved in?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Kill infected or abnormal cells

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15
Q

What do helper T cells secrete?

A

Cytokines

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16
Q

What is the function of regulatory (suppressor) T cells?

A

Inhibit T and B cells to stop the immune response

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17
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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18
Q

What type of immunity are B cells involved in?

A

Humoral-mediated immunity

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19
Q

What is required for the initial activation of B cells?

A

Encountering freely circulating antigens and possibly co-stimulation by helper T cells

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20
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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21
Q

What do memory B cells do during a subsequent infection?

A

Produce antibodies

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22
Q

What type of cells are neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes

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23
Q

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

A

Regulate inflammatory responses and kill foreign invaders, often parasitic worms

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24
Q

What do mast cells and basophils release?

A

Histamine and heparin

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25
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

26
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Activate naive T cells

27
Q

How do natural killer cells destroy infected cells?

A

By binding and releasing granzymes that trigger apoptosis

28
Q

What is the function of bone marrow in the immune system?

A

Produces hematopoietic stem cells and is the site of B cell differentiation

29
Q

What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?

A

Site of T cell differentiation

30
Q

What does the spleen filter from the blood?

A

Aged blood cells, pathogens, and debris

31
Q

What is found in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

B and T cells

32
Q

What do lymph nodes provide for lymphocytes?

A

A place to proliferate and filter lymph

33
Q

Where are clusters of lymphatic cells found in the body?

A

Tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches of the small intestine

34
Q

Fill in the blank: T cells, B cells, and macrophages provide protection against _______.

A

Pathogens

35
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Specialized white blood cells that destroy disease-causing microorganisms.

36
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that elicits a response from the immune system.

37
Q

What are common types of antigens?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Pollen grains
38
Q

What are self-antigens?

A

Antigens produced by the body that rarely initiate an immune response.

39
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins.

40
Q

How do antibodies function in the immune response?

A

They bind to specific antigens and can disarm pathogens in various ways.

41
Q

What is opsonization?

A

A process that enhances phagocytosis.

42
Q

What role do lymphatic capillaries play in fluid balance?

A

They collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

43
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess interstitial fluid collected by lymphatic capillaries.

44
Q

What happens if pressure is too great in the lymphatic vessels?

A

Edema occurs as fluid leaks back into the tissues.

45
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymph capillaries in the small intestine that absorb fats.

46
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Fats transported in lymph that give it a whitish appearance.

47
Q

Fill in the blank: Antibodies can _______ pathogens by blocking their ability to attach to cells.

A

neutralize

48
Q

True or False: Self-antigens can trigger an immune response in the same individual.

A

False

49
Q

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

Drains lymph into the left subclavian vein.

50
Q

What is the role of the right lymphatic duct?

A

Drains lymph into the right subclavian vein.

51
Q

What is the primary function of the immune system regarding fluid distribution?

A

Equalization of fluid between the blood and tissues.

52
Q

What can activate the complement system?

A

Binding of antibodies to antigens.

53
Q

What can cause inflammation in the immune response?

A

Antibodies promoting inflammation.

54
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs involved in lymphocyte production?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

These organs are crucial for the production and differentiation of lymphocytes.

55
Q

What type of stem cells in the red bone marrow give rise to immature lymphocytes?

A

Hemocytoblasts

Hemocytoblasts are the progenitor cells that develop into various blood cells, including lymphocytes.

56
Q

What do lymphocytes that remain in the bone marrow differentiate into?

A

B cells and natural killer (NK) cells

These cells play important roles in the immune response.

57
Q

Where do immature lymphocytes migrate to differentiate into T cells?

A

Thymus

The thymus is essential for the maturation of T cells, a type of lymphocyte.

58
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs where lymphocytes migrate?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

These organs play critical roles in filtering lymph and housing immune cells.

59
Q

What happens to lymphocytes when they make contact with antigens?

A

They are activated and mature into effector cells

Effector cells are responsible for carrying out immune responses.

60
Q

Fill in the blank: The skeletal system is composed of the __________.

A

Adult human skeleton

The adult human skeleton provides structure and support to the body.

Teas Ap (12 decks)

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