Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Teas Ap > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes tissues such as nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Integrates sensory information

The CNS processes sensory data and coordinates responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do?

A

Sends information to and from the CNS

The PNS allows communication between the CNS and the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of neurons transmit impulses to the CNS?

A

Afferent neurons

Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of neurons transmit impulses to effectors?

A

Efferent neurons

Efferent neurons send signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system (SNS)

The ANS controls involuntary actions, while the SNS controls voluntary movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system (SNS) control?

A

Voluntary movements

The SNS is responsible for actions like the contraction of skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control?

A

Involuntary movements

The ANS regulates functions such as heart rate and digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Activates the ‘fight or flight’ response

This division prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate and dilating pupils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Activates ‘rest and digest’ functions

It promotes relaxation and digestion by decreasing heart rate and constricting pupils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of pathway do both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions use?

A

A two-neuron pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What neurotransmitter do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

A

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do both pre- and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is synthesized during the parasympathetic response?

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of receptors respond to changes in pressure or tension?

A

Mechanoreceptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of photoreceptors?

A

Respond to sight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do thermoreceptors sense?

A

Absolute temperature and changes in temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do nociceptors detect?

A

Pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are exteroceptors?

A

Receptors near the body surface that transmit information about the external environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do proprioceptors provide information about?

A

Movement, position, and equilibrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do interceptors provide information about?

A

Internal stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do effector neurons function?

A

Transmit impulses away from the CNS to activate muscles and glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do motor neurons of the somatic division operate?

A

Run directly from the CNS to the effector without synapsing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What occurs during integration in the nervous system?

A

Information is processed and interpreted in the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the ‘master gland’ of the endocrine system?

A

The pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does sensory adaptation refer to?

A

Decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are tonic receptors?

A

Receptors that provide continuous feedback about positions and movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What structures comprise the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the four main lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?

A
  • Short-term memory
  • Information processing
  • Decision-making
  • Planning
  • Judgment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the primary responsibility of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual input, processing, and output.

36
Q

True or False: The temporal lobes are responsible for auditory input.

A

True.

37
Q

Name the cranial nerve responsible for parasympathetic control of the heart and digestive tract.

A

Vagus

38
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A rapid, automatic, and involuntary response to a stimulus

39
Q

Fill in the blank: A reflex arc describes a _______ pathway that triggers a reflex action.

A

neural

40
Q

What does negative feedback do in reflexes?

A

Attempts to maintain homeostasis by reversing or reducing a change

41
Q

Describe the process that occurs when body temperature is too high.

A

Blood vessels dilate and sweat is released

42
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
43
Q

Fill in the blank: The release of hormones from the anterior pituitary is regulated by the _______.

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

What happens during the letdown of milk during nursing?

A

The hypothalamus sends impulses to the pituitary to release oxytocin, targeting the mammary gland

45
Q

What is the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of response speed?

A

Nervous system uses electrical impulses; endocrine system uses slower-acting hormones

46
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron also known as?

A

Soma

The cell body contains the organelles responsible for the metabolic activities of the neuron.

47
Q

What structure within the cell body contains the DNA of the neuron?

A

Nucleus

The nucleus encodes the information for proteins needed for neuron function.

48
Q

What are Nissl bodies made of?

A

Rough ER and clusters of free ribosomes

They synthesize proteins for use within the neuron.

49
Q

Which organelles are typically absent in mature neurons?

A

Centrioles

Differentiated neurons have lost their ability to divide.

50
Q

What are the four types of neurons classified by structure?

A
  • Unipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar
  • Pseudounipolar

Unipolar neurons are common in sensory pathways, while bipolar neurons are rare and found in the retina and inner ear.

51
Q

What are dendrites primarily responsible for?

A

Receiving signals (neurotransmitters) from other neurons

Dendrites are tree-like projections that maximize surface area for synapses.

52
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?

A

They bind to receptor sites on the dendrites of postsynaptic cells

The signals can be excitatory or inhibitory, affecting whether the neuron fires.

53
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

A slightly elevated structure connecting the soma to the axon

It is where the action potential is generated.

54
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the axon called?

A

Axoplasm

It lacks Golgi bodies, Nissl bodies, and ribosomes.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: Dendrites contain the same organelles as the cell body, with the exception of the _______.

A

Nucleus

This allows them to function in signal reception.

56
Q

True or False: Most neurons have multiple axons.

A

False

Most neurons have one long axon.

57
Q

What role do microtubules and neurofibrils play in neurons?

A

Provide structural support and transport within the neuron

They are part of the cytoskeleton.

58
Q

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a neuron?

A

Processing and packaging proteins

It is essential for the secretion of neurotransmitters.

59
Q

What are synaptic vesicles filled with?

A

Neurotransmitters

They are released into the synaptic cleft during neurotransmission.

60
Q

What do Schwann cells produce?

A

Myelin sheath

They insulate axons and speed up electrical impulses.

61
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ are specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the soma.

A

Axon

They vary in length and may be absent in some neurons.

62
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates the axon, similar to the coating on electrical wire

Myelin allows for faster impulse conduction along the axon.

63
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Intermittent gaps in the myelin sheath that increase the rate of conduction

They allow the impulse to jump quickly from one node to the next.

64
Q

What type of cells are responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

Schwann cells wrap their plasma membranes around axons to form multiple lipid-rich layers.

65
Q

Which cells myelinate axons in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate dozens of axons.

66
Q

What is the primary composition of white matter in the CNS?

A

Myelinated axons

Grey matter is primarily composed of unmyelinated axons.

67
Q

What condition results from damaged myelin?

A

Multiple sclerosis

Damaged myelin impairs the effective conduction of impulses in neurons.

68
Q

What are glial cells also known as?

A

Neuroglia

Glial cells support and protect neurons and are more numerous than neurons.

69
Q

What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Anchor neurons, facilitate exchange of materials, uptake excess ions and neurotransmitters

Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in neural tissue.

70
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

Phagocytic-immune defense, digest dead neurons and debris

Microglia are relatively few in number but play a crucial role in immune response.

71
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Produce myelin sheaths that insulate CNS neurons

This speeds up neurotransmission in the CNS.

72
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and facilitate exchange of materials

Ependymal cells form the epithelial lining of the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.

73
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A communicating junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector

The synapse consists of presynaptic element, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic element.

74
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission in most synapses?

A

Chemical transmission using neurotransmitters

This involves vesicles releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

75
Q

How does the postsynaptic membrane respond when neurotransmitters bind?

A

It can either be excited (depolarized) or inhibited (hyperpolarized)

This determines whether an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron.

76
Q

True or False: Glial cells can conduct impulses.

A

False

Glial cells support neurons but do not have the ability to conduct impulses.

77
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

A

The opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in response to an action potential.

78
Q

What happens after neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?

A

They bind to receptors in the target cell and elicit either an excitatory or inhibitory response.

79
Q

What are the possible fates of neurotransmitters after they have acted?

A

They can be recycled back to the presynaptic cell, degraded by enzymes, or diffuse away from the synaptic cleft.

80
Q

What is the action of Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

Stimulates skeletal muscle.

81
Q

What role does Norepinephrine (NE) play in the body?

A

Influences mood and sleep patterns, associated with mood, attention, reward system, and movement.

82
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

83
Q

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate.

84
Q

What structures are involved in the muscular system?

A

Muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

85
Q

What aids in the return of blood to the heart from peripheral veins?

A

Skeletal muscles through the valves.

Teas Ap (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions