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BIOL 212 Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?(6)

A
  1. support soft tissues of the body
  2. Mineral reserves
    a. calcium and phsophate
    b. 98% of the body’s calcium is in the bones
  3. energy storge
    a. yellow bone marrow
  4. Blood cell Production
  5. Protection of Vital Organs
  6. Leverage and movement
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2
Q

What are the Connective tissues of the body?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Supporting connective Tissues
  3. Fluid Connective Tissue
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3
Q

Describe Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. Dense Regular- ligaments, bone sheaths, tendons,
  2. Adipose- stored in bones
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4
Q

Describe Supporting Connective Tissues

A
  1. Cartilage- articular ends of bones, joint discs, intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
  2. Osseous Tissue- Bone
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5
Q

Describe Fluid Connective Tissue

A

Blood and lymph
a. formed in red bone marrow

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6
Q

What do All connective tissues differentiate from?

A

Mesenchyme- embryonic Connective Tissue

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Cartilage?(8)

A
  1. No blood vessels/nerves
  2. Consist of mostly water (60-80%)
  3. Surrounded by the perichondrium(not fibroblasts)
  4. Growth stops at around 18-20 years
  5. little healing in adulthood
  6. Collagen resist tension
  7. poor at resisting shearing
  8. contains cartilage cells
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8
Q

Where does cartilage get its gas and nutrients from?

A

Gas and nutrients diffuse from surrounding blood vessels

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9
Q

What kind of motion does cartilage resist?

A

Compression

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10
Q

Describe the Perichondrium

A
  1. Acts like a girdle
  2. Blood vessels here; helps in growth and repair
  3. provides gas and nutrients to cartilage cells

** fibrocartilage does not have perichondrium

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11
Q

Describe the cartilage cells

A
  1. Chondroblasts- immature cartilage cells
  2. chondrocytes- mature, dividing cells trapped in lacunas
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12
Q

what are the cartilage types

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibro
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13
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage(3)

A
  1. Most abundant
  2. has fibers that are too small to see
  3. located on the end of bones, growth plates, and costal cartilage
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14
Q

Describe Elastic Cartilage(3)

A
  1. Many elastic fibers
  2. tolerates repeated bending/recoil
  3. located within the ears and epiglottis
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15
Q

Describe Fibrocartilage(4)

A
  1. abundant collagen fibers
  2. resist twisting and compression
  3. no perichondrium
  4. located in the intervertebral discs, and the menisci
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16
Q

What are the two types of osseous tissue?

A
  1. Spongy
  2. Compact
17
Q

Describe Spongy Bone(5)

A
  1. Honeycomb like network of bone
    a. allows it to transmit weight, form cavities for bone marrow and to be lightweight
  2. Form trabeculae tp resist directional stresses
    3.Cavities are filled with red bone marrow
  3. found in the epiphysis and center of the bone organ
  4. replaced every 4 years
18
Q

Describe Compact bone(4)

A
  1. Beams of bone help to transmit weight within the bone
  2. allows for compression down the medial diaphysis, and tension along lateral diaphysis
  3. formed into highly organized osteons, nested rings
  4. replaced every 10 years
19
Q

Describe the composition of bone (3)

A
  1. Bone is a “supporting connective tissue”
  2. Specialized cells within a matrix
  3. bone cells within osteoid
20
Q

Describe organic compounds that make up the non cellular matrix

A
  1. provides flexibility
  2. primarily collagen fibers
  3. resist twisting and tension
21
Q

Describe the inorganic compounds that make up the non-cellular matrix

A
  1. Provides durability and hardness
  2. Calcium and phosphate
  3. 98% of calcium held in bone
22
Q

What are the 4 different bone cells

A
  1. Osteoclasts
  2. Osteoprogenitor
  3. Osteoblast
    4 .Osteocyte
23
Q

Describe Osteoclasts

A
  1. Derived form WBC
  2. Function: Breaks down old matrix(osteoid)
  3. Releases calcium and phosphate
24
Q

Describe Osteoprogenitor Cells

A
  1. Will form all new bone cells
  2. Can divide
25
Q

Describe Osteoblasts

A
  1. Immature bone cells
  2. Secretes New matrix (osteoid)
26
Q

Describe Osteocytes

A
  1. Mature Bone Cells
  2. Trapped in Lacunae
27
Q

Describe Canaliculi transfer

A
  1. Mineralized Matrix- No diffusion though the matrix
  2. Protoplasmic Extension(arm) of adjacent cells connect with canaliculi Transfer
  3. Transports waste, nutrients, gasses, etc. from cell to cell
    * Canaliculi- small cracks in which transfer takes place
28
Q

What are the two types of bone development(ossification)

A
  1. Intramembranous
  2. Endochondral
29
Q

Describe Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Occurs in Dermal bone- flat bones of skull
  2. bones that develop in muscles or tendons- sesamoid bones
  3. Occurs directly from mesenchyme
  4. form by appositional growth
    * Embryonic connective tissue cells change into osteoblasts -> form Bone
30
Q

Describe Endochondral Bone ossification

A
  1. Occurs in most bones
  2. bon tissue replaces initial hyaline cartilage model
  3. after formation, hyaline cartilage remains as articular cartilage
  4. Grows by interstitial growth and appositional growth
31
Q

Describe Bone Growth

A
  1. grows in length until age 15-20
  2. grows in width until 15-20, but continues to from new bone for life
  3. spongy bone replaced every 4 years
  4. compact bone replaced every 10 years
32
Q

What are the two methods of bone growth

A
  1. interstitial
  2. Appositional
33
Q

Describe Appositional growth

A
  1. growth in width of the bone
  2. Bone cells lay down new bone tissue along outside of bone
    a. deep to the periosteum

BIOL 212 Anatomy (38 decks)

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