Musculoskeletal Upper limbs

Question 1

Upper Limbs are attached to the ___ by the ___

Answer 1

Upper limbs are attached to the axial skeleton by the pectoral girdle

Question 2

What is the pectoral girdle made up of and describe the movement it has

Answer 2

• Clavicle
  -Scapula
• has great flexibility but lacks stability

Question 3

Describe the Clavicle (3) and its ossification process

Answer 3

• first ossifies by intramembranous then ends through endochondral
  1. Superior surface is smooth
  2. Medial (sternal) end is blocky
  3. Lateral (acromial) end hooks forwards

Question 4

Describe Clavicular variation (3)

Answer 4

1. Varies most in shape than other long bones
2. Blockier and more curved in manual workers
3. Right clavicle usually shorter and thicker

Question 5

What bone is most likely to break in children?

Answer 5

The clavicle

Question 6

When does growth of the clavicle stop?

Answer 6

25-31

Question 7

What are the movement of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 7

• protraction, retraction
• elevation and depression
• upward and downward rotation

Question 8

Where do the muscle that act on the pectoral girdle originate and insert?

Answer 8

• originates on the axial skeleton
• insert on the pectoral girdle

Question 9

What are the muscles that act on the pectoral girdle?(4)

Answer 9

• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboid minor
• Rhomboid major
• Serratus anterior

Question 10

What are the deep anterior muscles that act on the pectoral girdle?

Answer 10

1. pectoralis minor
2. serratus anterior

Question 11

A severe shoulder separation can result in a torn?

Answer 11

1. Acromioclavicular ligament
2. Coracoclavicular joint

Question 12

The upper limbs are held to the pectoral girdle by what joint? and what makes up the joint?

Answer 12

• Glenohumeral Joint
  1. Glenoid Fossa
  2. Head of the Humerus

Question 13

What gives the glenohumeral joint reinforcement? and how does it do this?

Answer 13

• Fibrocartilage Meniscus- glenoid labrum
• deepens the socket somewhat

Question 14

The Rotator cuff is made up of what? and what is the Pneumonic

Answer 14

S.I.T.S
1. Supraspinatus Muscle
2. Infraspinatus Muscle
3. Teres Minor Muscle
4. Subscapularis Muscle

Question 15

What give extra reinforcement to the rotator cuff?

Answer 15

• Biceps Brachii

Question 16

Why would the Glenohumeral joint dislocate? what happens

Answer 16

1. Shallow glenoid cavity
2. large , rounded humeral head
3. Loose articular cartilage
4. Great flexibility, lacks stability

• Humeral head slips out of the glenoid cavity

Question 17

In an inferior dislocation of the shoulder what happens?

Answer 17

• head of the humerus slides down but anterior to the infraglenoid tubercle

Question 18

What structures are affected in a inferior dislocation of the shoulder? (4)

Answer 18

1. tendons of the rotator cuff are frequently torn or stretched
2. Glenoid labrum may tear
3. Articular cartilage of humeral head or glenoid cavity may be damaged
4. Risk of repeated dislocations

Question 19

Describe a radial head dislocation?
Cause?
What happens?

Answer 19

C: pulling on the forearm
- radial head slips out of the annular ligament
Radial head slips away from:
a. radial notch of ulna
b. capitulum of humerus