Skeletal System Flashcards by Aubs Ganda

most abundant and widely distributed tissues

Connective tissue

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binds together, supports, and strengthens
protects and insulates internal organs
compartmentalizes structures

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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major transport system (blood)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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primary location of stored energy reserves
main source of immune responses

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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secrete fibers and ground substance

Fibroblasts

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develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

Macrophages

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secrete antibodies neutralize foreign substances

Plasma cells (plasmocytes)

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produce histamine

Mast cells

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fat cells, stores triglycerides (fats)

Adipocytes

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Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils

Leukocytes (White blood cells)

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-between the cells and fibers
-fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified
-medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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Contains water and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs

Hyaluronic acid

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provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

Chondroitin sulfate

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skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves

Dermatan sulfate

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bone, cartilage, and the cornea

Keratan sulfate

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GROUND SUBSTANCE

Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Keratan sulfate

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FIBERS (3)

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

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-Consist of collagen
-pulling or stretching, not stiff, allows tissue
flexibility

Collagen fibers

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consists of elastin molecules surrounded fibrillin

Elastic fibers

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have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched

Elasticity

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-much thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks
-consists of collagen

Reticular fibers

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CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Embryonic connective tissue (2)

A. Mesenchyme
B. Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue

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CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Mature connective tissue

Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Liquid connective tissue

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CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Mature connective tissue

Connective tissue proper Supporting connective tissue Liquid connective tissue

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Mature connective tissue

Connective tissue proper Supporting connective tissue Liquid connective tissue

Loose connective tissue (3)

a. Areolar connective tissue b. Adipose tissue c. Reticular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

a. Dense regular connective tissue b. Dense irregular connective tissue c. Elastic connective tissue

Supporting connective tissue (2)

1. Cartilage (Hyaline, fibro, elastic) 2. Bone tissue (compact, spongy)

Liquid connective tissue (2)

1. Blood 2. Lymph

- present in the embryo - GIVE RISE to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone

Mesenchyme

- Wharton’s jelly - found in the umbilical cord of the fetus - contains fine collagen fibers

Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue

loosely arranged between cells

Loose connective tissue

most widely distributed connective tissues packing material of the body

Areolar connective tissue

- storage of triglycerides - reduces heat loss through skin - energy reserve - supports and protects organs

Adipose tissue

- Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow - reticular lamina of basement membrane - around blood vessels and muscles

Reticular connective tissue

contains more fibers thicker and more densely packed

Dense connective tissue

Forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses

Dense regular connective tissue

attach muscle to bone

tendons

attach bone to bone

most ligaments

sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

aponeuroses

- irregularly arranged - Fasciae, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage - Provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions

Dense irregular connective tissue

- contains elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them - Allows stretching -strong -recoil to original shape after being stretched.

Elastic connective tissue

- contains a resilient gel -appears bluish-white, shiny substance -smooth surfaces for movement -weakest

Hyaline cartilage

contains ground substance (chondroitin sulfate) and type II collagen

matrix

capsules containing chondrocyte

lacunae

produce and maintain ground substance

Chondrocyte

surrounds the surface of most cartilage contains blood vessels and nerves source of new cartilage cells (chondroblasts)

Perichondrium

- has chondrocytes in thick bundles of collagen fibers - lacks perichondrium - Support and joining structures together - strongest type of cartilage (Strength and rigidity)

Fibrocartilage

fibrocartilage forms (4)

• Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly) • intervertebral discs • menisci (cartilage pads) of knee • portions of tendons that insert into cartilage

- has chondrocytes in threadlike network - perichondrium present - Provides strength and elasticity - maintains shape of certain structures

Elastic cartilage

elastic cartilage forms 3

• Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis) • part of external ear (auricle) • auditory (eustachian) tubes

connective tissues in bones (4)

• bone or osseous tissue • periosteum • red and yellow bone marrow • endosteum

a membrane that lines a space within bone that stores yellow bone marrow

endosteum

basic unit of compact bone

osteon or haversian system

-concentric rings consist of mineral salts (hardness) -responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue.

Lamellae

contains osteocytes

Lacunae

-networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes -provide routes for nutrients

Canaliculi

- trabecular or cancellous bone tissue - does not contain osteons - located in the interior of a bone, protected by compact bone - light, which reduces the overall weight of a bone.

Spongy bone

- Lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns - support and protect the red bone marrow

Trabeculae

sites where red bone marrow is stored (5)

hip bones ribs sternum (breastbone) vertebrae proximal ends of the humerus and femur

blood cell production occurs in adults

hemopoiesis

has a liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma and formed elements

Blood

- extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels - consists of several types of cells that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein

Lymph

- extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels - consists of several types of cells that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein

Lymph

- extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels - consists of several types of cells that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein

Lymph