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Anaphy Lab > M5 U1 Digestive System > Flashcards

M5 U1 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The primary function of the digestive system

A

bring essential nutrients into the internal
environment

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2
Q

the process of altering the chemical and
physical composition of food

A

Digestion

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3
Q

The process of digestion depends on

A

-endocrine and exocrine secretions
-controlled movement of ingested food

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4
Q

The process of complex foods taken in

A

INGESTION

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5
Q

Complex nutrients are broken down into simpler nutrients

From the breakdown of large chunks of food into smaller bits, and move it along the gastrointestinal tract

A

DIGESTION

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6
Q

Movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube

A

MOTILITY

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7
Q
  • Release of digestive enzymes to breakdown large molecules into small molecules in the gastrointestinal tract
A

SECRETION

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8
Q

Movement of nutrients through the mucosa into the internal environment

A

ABSORPTION

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9
Q

The material not absorbed must then be excreted to make room for more material

A

ELIMINATION

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10
Q

gastrointestinal tract is also known as

A

alimentary tract (alimentary canal)

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11
Q

tube open at both ends formed by the main
organs of the digestive system

A

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

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12
Q

provides the body with a continual supply of water, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrients.

A

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

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13
Q

parts of the mouth

A

Lips
Cheeks
Tongue
Teeth
Uvula
Gums
Hard and soft palate
Salivary glands

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14
Q

Food material is ingested into the oral (buccal)
cavity and is reduced by

A

chewing/mastication

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15
Q

anterior teeth (incisors) provide

A

strong cutting action

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16
Q

posterior teeth (molars) provide

A

grinding

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17
Q

serve to mix food with saliva in preparation of swallowing

A

chewing movements/ mastication

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18
Q

rate of digestion is dependent on the

A

total surface area exposed to the digestive secretions

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19
Q

located inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the masseter muscle

A

Parotid gland

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20
Q

found in the floor of the mouth; they are medial and partly inferior to the body of the mandible.

A

Submandibular gland

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21
Q

Beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands.

A

Sublingual gland

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22
Q

THREE MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

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23
Q

Secreted by the salivary glands

A

Salivary amylase

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24
Q

Initiates the breakdown of starch

A

Salivary amylase

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25
Q

secreted by lingual glands in the tongue

A

Lingual lipase

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26
Q

becomes activated in the acidic environment of the stomach and thus starts to work after food is swallowed

A

Lingual lipase

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27
Q

It breaks down dietary triglycerides (fats and oils) into fatty acids and diglycerides

A

Lingual lipase

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28
Q

serves as an air passageway that propels mucus

A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

Nasopharynx is lined with

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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30
Q

serves as a passageway for both air and swallowed food

A

Oropharynx

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31
Q

Oropharynx is lined with

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly, and the larynx (voice box) anteriorly

A

Laryngopharynx

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33
Q

Laryngopharynx is lined with

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium

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34
Q

The process of swallowing

A

DEGLUTITION

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35
Q

three stages of deglutition

A

Oral stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage

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36
Q

esophagus to stomach

A

Esophageal stage

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37
Q

oropharynx to esophagus

A

Pharyngeal stage

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38
Q

mouth to oropharynx

A

Oral stage

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39
Q

From here on, swallowing becomes entirely – or almost entirely – automatic and ordinarily cannot be stopped

A

ORAL STAGE

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40
Q

functions primarily to conduct food
rapidly from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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41
Q

lubricates the bolus and reduces friction.

A

Mucus secreted by esophageal glands

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42
Q

The movement of food bolus down the esophagus is accomplished through

A

peristalsis

43
Q

A long tube that extends from the oropharynx into the stomach.

A

ESOPHAGUS

44
Q

prevents food and secretions from leaking into the windpipe. Also prevents air from entering during respiration.

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

45
Q

help prevent significant reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

46
Q

A progression of coordinated contractions and
relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis

Occurs in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.

A

PERISTALSIS

47
Q

The backward flow of stomach acid up through the LES and into the lower esophagus.

A

ACID REFLUX

48
Q

chronic, more severe form of acid reflux.

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

49
Q

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the stomach contents can irritate the esophageal wall, resulting in a burning sensation that is called

A

heartburn

50
Q

Storage of large quantities of food until the food can be processed in the stomach, duodenum, and lower intestinal tract

A

STOMACH

51
Q

Mixing of this food with gastric secretions until it forms a semifluid mixture called

A

chyme

52
Q

adult stomach can typically hold

A

1 - 1.5 liters

53
Q

four regions of stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric part
54
Q

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds called

A

rugae (wrinkles)

55
Q

the muscle sphincter connecting the stomach to the duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

56
Q

Forward and backward movement of
gastric contents, mixing food with gastric juices to form chyme.

A

CHURNING

57
Q

Peristaltic waves move gastric contents from the body of the stomach down into the antrum

A

propulsion

58
Q

food particles are forced back
into the body of the stomach

A

retropulsion

59
Q

Secreted by parietal cells
Needed for absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

60
Q

Secreted by parietal cells
H+ and Cl- are secreted separately
Kills microbes in food
Denatures proteins
Creates an acidic environment that converts
pepsinogen into pepsin

A

Hydrochloric acid

61
Q

Secreted by chief cells
Converted into pepsin, the most important enzyme in gastric juice
Pepsin converts proteins into smaller peptides

A

Pepsinogen

62
Q

Secreted by chief cells
Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

Gastric lipase

63
Q

-Hormone secreted by G cells
-Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen
-Contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of stomach, and relaxes pyloric sphincter

A

Gastrin

64
Q

occur when the stomach
has been empty for several hours or more.

A

Hunger contractions

65
Q

person sometimes experiences mild pain in the pit of the stomach during hunger contractions

A

hunger pangs.

66
Q

forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper GI tract (stomach and sometimes
duodenum) through the mouth.

A

VOMITING

67
Q

characterized by overeating at
least twice a week followed by purging by
self-induced vomiting, strict dieting or fasting,
vigorous exercise, or use of laxatives or
diuretics

A

Bulimia nervosa

68
Q

involved in both digestion and absorption.

A

SMALL INTESTINE

69
Q

-shortest, C-shaped tube arising from the pyloric sphincter to the jejunum
- Where the pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder release their secretions

A

Duodenum

70
Q

longest region that ends at the
ileocecal sphincter

A

Ileum

71
Q

___contractions “chop” the chyme two to three times per minute, in this way promoting progressive mixing of the food with secretions of the small intestine.

A

segmentation

71
Q

___contractions “chop” the chyme two to three times per minute, in this way promoting progressive mixing of the food with secretions of the small intestine.

A

segmentation

72
Q

Secreted by the acinar cells of the pancreas
Contains various enzymes

A

PANCREATIC JUICE

73
Q
  • secreted as trypsinogen (inactive form)
  • Converted by enterokinase in the intestinal tract.
  • activates chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase, nucleases, and amylase
A

Trypsin

74
Q

starch-digesting enzyme

A

Pancreatic amylase

75
Q

Triglyceride-digesting enzyme

A

Pancreatic lipase

76
Q

Digest RNA and DNA into nucleotides

A

Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

77
Q

Secreted by the liver and stored and
concentrated by the gallbladder

A

BILE

78
Q

Contains lecithin and bile salts that help break
down large drops of fat into smaller droplets,
making fat more digestible

A

BILE

79
Q
  • contain sodium bicarbonate which helps
    neutralize chyme
  • contain waste products for excretion
A

BILE

80
Q

-Produced by goblet cells in the intestinal
mucosa
-Buffers and lubricates material in the intestinal
lumen
-Increased pH of chyme also allows optimum
enzyme function

A

INTESTINAL JUICE

81
Q

If bile contains either insufficient bile salts or
lecithin or excessive cholesterol, the cholesterol
may crystallize to form

A

gallstones

82
Q

DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

A

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

83
Q

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS

A

Pepsin (stomach) and Trypsin (pancreatic juice)

84
Q

DIGESTION OF LIPIDS

A

Lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase

85
Q

DIGESTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

A
  • Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
86
Q

Absorption of materials occurs via

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
active transport

87
Q

Any undigested or unabsorbed material
left in the small intestine passes on to
the

A

large intestine

88
Q

enhance absorption by increasing surface area
and causing the chyme to spiral

A

The circular folds of the small intestine (plica)

89
Q

vastly increases the surface area of the epithelium available for
absorption and digestion.

A

large number of villi

90
Q

terminal portion of the GI tract.

A

large intestine

91
Q

overall functions of the large intestine

A

completion of absorption
-production of certain vitamins
-formation of feces
-expulsion of feces from the body

92
Q

intensifies peristalsis in the ileum
and forces any chyme into the cecum

A

gastroileal reflex

93
Q

remain relaxed and become distended while they fill up.

When the distension reaches a certain
point, the walls contract and squeeze the
contents

A

Haustral churning

94
Q

strong peristaltic wave that begins at about
the middle of the transverse colon and quickly
drives the contents of the colon into the
rectum.

A

Mass peristalsis

95
Q

final stage of digestion occurs in the

A

colon

96
Q

which gives feces their brown color

A

stercobilin (simpler pigment of bilirubin)

97
Q

By the time chyme has remained in the large
intestine 3–10 hours, it has become solid or
semisolid because of water absorption and
is now called

A

feces

98
Q

act of expelling feces is called

A

defecation

99
Q

increase in the frequency, volume,
and fluid content of the feces caused by
increased motility of and decreased
absorption by the intestines.

A

Diarrhea

100
Q

Frequent diarrhea can result in

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

101
Q

refers to infrequent or difficult defecation
caused by decreased motility of the
intestines

A

Constipation

102
Q

Excessive motility may be caused by

A

-lactose intolerance
-stress
-microbes that irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa

Anaphy Lab (11 decks)

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