M5 U2 Urinary System

Question 1

URINARY SYSTEM Consists of

Answer 1

two kidneys
two ureters
one urinary bladder
one urethra.

Question 2

principal organs of the urinary system

Answer 2

kidneys

Question 3

kidneys process and form ___ as a waste to be excreted.

Answer 3

urine

Question 4

what kidney is often slightly larger than
the other

Answer 4

left kidney

Question 5

The medial surface of each kidney has a concave notch called___

Structures enter or leave the kidney through this notch.

Answer 5

hilum.

Question 6

connective tissue that anchors the
kidneys to surrounding structures and also helps maintain their normal positions

Answer 6

renal fasciae

Question 7

outer region

Answer 7

Renal cortex

Question 8

inner region

Answer 8

Renal medulla

Question 9

important functions of kidney

Answer 9

filtering the plasma
removing substances from the filtrate at variable rates

Question 10

critical in controlling the volume and composition of the body fluids.

Answer 10

kidneys

Question 11

the primary means for eliminating
waste products of metabolism that are no longer needed by the body.

Answer 11

kidneys

Question 12

(from the metabolism of amino acids)

Answer 12

urea

Question 13

(from muscle creatine)

Answer 13

creatinine

Question 14

(from nucleic acids)

Answer 14

uric acid

Question 15

Responsible for regulation of long-term arterial pressure by excreting variable amounts of
sodium and water.

Answer 15

KIDNEYS

Question 16

Responsible for short-term arterial pressure regulation by secreting renin (Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS).

Answer 16

KIDNEYS

Question 17

contribute to acid-base regulation, along with the lungs, by excreting acids and by regulating the body fluid buffer stores.

Answer 17

KIDNEYS

Question 18

only means of eliminating from the body certain types of acids, such as sulfuric acid and
phosphoric acid, generated by the metabolism of proteins.

Answer 18

KIDNEYS

Question 19

Kidneys secrete ____ (along with the liver), which stimulates the production of red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Answer 19

erythropoietin

Question 20

develops as a result of decreased erythropoietin
production.

Answer 20

severe anemia

Question 21

essential for normal calcium deposition
in bone and calcium reabsorption by the
gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 21

Calcitriol

Question 22

The kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting, a process referred to as

Answer 22

gluconeogenesis.

Question 23

enough potassium, acids,
fluid, and other substances accumulate in the body to cause death within a few days,

Answer 23

complete renal failure

Question 24

homeostatic functions are disrupted and
severe abnormalities of body fluid volumes and
composition rapidly occur.

Answer 24

kidney disease or acute failure of the kidneys

Question 25

functional unit of the kidney.

Answer 25

NEPHRON

Question 26

Each kidney in the human contains about ___ to __ nephrons

Answer 26

800,000 to 1,000,000 nephrons,

Question 27

nephron consists of two parts:

Answer 27

Renal corpuscle Renal tubule

Question 28

where blood plasma is filtered

Answer 28

Renal corpuscle

Question 29

Where the glomerular filtrate (filtered fluid) passes

Answer 29

Renal tubule

Question 30

Nephrons whose glomeruli lie in the renal cortex and have short Loops of Henle that penetrate a short distance in the medulla

Answer 30

Cortical nephrons

Question 31

-20-30% -Nephrons whose glomeruli lie near the renal medulla, and have long Loops of Henle that dip deeply into the medulla.

Answer 31

Juxtamedullary nephron

Question 32

renal processes:

Answer 32

Glomerular filtration Reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the blood Secretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules

Question 33

The fluid that enters the capsular space is called the

Answer 33

glomerular filtrate

Question 34

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries promotes filtration by forcing water and solutes in blood plasma through the filtration membrane 55 mmHg

Answer 34

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

Question 35

hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule CHP opposes filtration and represents a “back pressure” of about 15 mmHg

Answer 35

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Question 36

due to the presence of proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen in blood plasma, also opposes filtration 30 mmHg

Answer 36

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Question 37

occurs to Waste products such as Creatinine

Answer 37

Substance is freely filtered but not reabsorbed

Question 38

Typical for electrolytes such as sodium and chloride

Answer 38

The substance is freely filtered, but part of the filtered load is reabsorbed back in the blood

Question 39

occurs to Nutritional substances in the blood, such as amino acids and glucose

Answer 39

The substance is freely filtered but is not excreted in the urine because all the filtered substance is reabsorbed from the tubules into the blood

Question 40

Often occurs for organic acids and bases

Answer 40

The substance is freely filtered and is not reabsorbed but is secreted from the peritubular capillary blood into the renal tubules.

Question 41

successive parts of the tubule before it is excreted as urine:

Answer 41

proximal convoluted tubule the loop of Henle the distal convoluted tubule the collecting tubule the collecting duct

Question 42

The largest amount of solute and water reabsorption from filtered fluid occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 42

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 43

Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs

Answer 43

65% of the filtered water, Na+ and K+ 100% of organic solutes such as glucose and amino acids 50% of the filtered Cl-, urea 80-90% of the filtered Ca2+, Mg2+, and HPO42−

Question 44

Proximal convoluted tubule secretes

Answer 44

H+ NH4+ Urea and creatinine

Question 45

Consists of an descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb

Answer 45

Loop of Henle

Question 46

The nephron loop reabsorbs:

Answer 46

- Descending limb: 15% of the filtered water - Ascending limb 20-30% of the filtered Na+ and K+ 35% of the filtered Cl- 10-20% HCO3- Ca+ and Mg+

Question 47

The early distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs:

Answer 47

10-15% of the filtered water 5% of the filtered Na+ and 5% Cl-

Question 48

A major site for parathyroid hormone to stimulate reabsorption of Ca2+.

Answer 48

Early distal convoluted tubule

Question 49

group of closely packed epithelial cells that is part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and provides feedback control of GFR and blood flow in this same nephron.

Answer 49

macula densa

Question 50

the amount of water and solute reabsorption and the amount of solute secretion vary depending on the body’s needs in the

Answer 50

the late distal convoluted tubules collecting ducts

Question 51

reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+. These cells also have receptors for aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Answer 51

principal cells

Question 52

reabsorb HCO3− and secrete H+, thereby playing a role in blood pH regulation. In addition, the intercalated cells reabsorb K+.

Answer 52

intercalated cells

Question 53

Found at the point where the afferent arteriole brushes past the distal tubule This structure is important in maintaining homeostasis of blood flow because it reflexively secretes renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops

Answer 53

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

Question 54

Mechanoreceptors Sensitive to increased pressure in the arteriole

Answer 54

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 55

Tightly-packed structure made up of distal tubule cells that act as Chemoreceptors Can sense the concentration of solute materials in the fluid passing through the tubule

Answer 55

Macula densa

Question 56

A straight tubule joined by the distal tubules of several nephrons

Answer 56

COLLECTING DUCT

Question 57

reabsorbs water through osmosis only in the presence of ADH

Answer 57

COLLECTING DUCT

Question 58

Tubes that actively convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Answer 58

URETERS

Question 59

Runs obliquely through the bladder wall and opens at lateral angles. Because of its oblique course, the ends of the tubes close, acting as valves when the bladder is full, thus preventing backflow of urine

Answer 59

URETERS

Question 60

A muscular, collapsible bag

Answer 60

URINARY BLADDER

Question 61

The wall of the bladder is made mostly of smooth muscle tissue, called the

Answer 61

detrusor muscle

Question 62

the bladder is lined with

Answer 62

mucous transitional epithelium that forms rugae

Question 63

allows the bladder to distend considerably.

Answer 63

rugae,

Question 64

Serves as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body

Answer 64

URINARY BLADDER

Question 65

The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the external sphincter muscle of the bladder

Answer 65

MICTURITION

Question 66

This forces urine out of

Answer 66

MICTURITION

Question 67

Involuntary micturition is called

Answer 67

incontinence

Question 68

small tube lined with mucous membrane leading from the floor of the bladder (trigone) to the exterior of the body

Answer 68

urethra

Question 69

passes through the center of the prostate gland, just after leaving the bladder.

Answer 69

male urethra