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Anaphy Lab > M5 U2 Urinary System > Flashcards

M5 U2 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

URINARY SYSTEM Consists of

A

two kidneys
two ureters
one urinary bladder
one urethra.

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2
Q

principal organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys

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3
Q

kidneys process and form ___ as a waste to be excreted.

A

urine

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4
Q

what kidney is often slightly larger than
the other

A

left kidney

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5
Q

The medial surface of each kidney has a concave notch called___

Structures enter or leave the kidney through this notch.

A

hilum.

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6
Q

connective tissue that anchors the
kidneys to surrounding structures and also helps maintain their normal positions

A

renal fasciae

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7
Q

outer region

A

Renal cortex

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8
Q

inner region

A

Renal medulla

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9
Q

important functions of kidney

A

filtering the plasma
removing substances from the filtrate at variable rates

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10
Q

critical in controlling the volume and composition of the body fluids.

A

kidneys

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11
Q

the primary means for eliminating
waste products of metabolism that are no longer needed by the body.

A

kidneys

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12
Q

(from the metabolism of amino acids)

A

urea

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13
Q

(from muscle creatine)

A

creatinine

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14
Q

(from nucleic acids)

A

uric acid

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15
Q

Responsible for regulation of long-term arterial pressure by excreting variable amounts of
sodium and water.

A

KIDNEYS

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16
Q

Responsible for short-term arterial pressure regulation by secreting renin (Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS).

A

KIDNEYS

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17
Q

contribute to acid-base regulation, along with the lungs, by excreting acids and by regulating the body fluid buffer stores.

A

KIDNEYS

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18
Q

only means of eliminating from the body certain types of acids, such as sulfuric acid and
phosphoric acid, generated by the metabolism of proteins.

A

KIDNEYS

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19
Q

Kidneys secrete ____ (along with the liver), which stimulates the production of red blood cells by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

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20
Q

develops as a result of decreased erythropoietin
production.

A

severe anemia

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21
Q

essential for normal calcium deposition
in bone and calcium reabsorption by the
gastrointestinal tract.

A

Calcitriol

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22
Q

The kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting, a process referred to as

A

gluconeogenesis.

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23
Q

enough potassium, acids,
fluid, and other substances accumulate in the body to cause death within a few days,

A

complete renal failure

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24
Q

homeostatic functions are disrupted and
severe abnormalities of body fluid volumes and
composition rapidly occur.

A

kidney disease or acute failure of the kidneys

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25
Q

functional unit of the kidney.

A

NEPHRON

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26
Q

Each kidney in the human contains about ___ to __ nephrons

A

800,000 to 1,000,000 nephrons,

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27
Q

nephron consists of two parts:

A

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

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28
Q

where blood plasma is filtered

A

Renal corpuscle

29
Q

Where the glomerular filtrate (filtered
fluid) passes

A

Renal tubule

30
Q

Nephrons whose glomeruli lie in the renal cortex and have short Loops of Henle that penetrate a short distance in the medulla

A

Cortical nephrons

31
Q

-20-30%
-Nephrons whose glomeruli lie near the renal medulla, and have long Loops of Henle that dip deeply into the medulla.

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

32
Q

renal processes:

A

Glomerular filtration

Reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the blood

Secretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules

33
Q

The fluid that enters the capsular space is
called the

A

glomerular filtrate

34
Q

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

promotes filtration by forcing water and solutes in blood plasma through the filtration membrane

55 mmHg

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

35
Q

hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule

CHP opposes filtration and represents a “back pressure” of about 15 mmHg

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

36
Q

due to the presence of proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen in blood plasma, also opposes filtration

30 mmHg

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

37
Q

occurs to Waste products such as Creatinine

A

Substance is freely filtered but not reabsorbed

38
Q

Typical for electrolytes such as sodium and chloride

A

The substance is freely filtered, but part of the
filtered load is reabsorbed back in the blood

39
Q

occurs to Nutritional substances in the blood, such as amino acids
and glucose

A

The substance is freely filtered but is not excreted in the urine because all the filtered
substance is reabsorbed from the tubules into
the blood

40
Q

Often occurs for organic acids and bases

A

The substance is freely filtered and is not reabsorbed but is secreted from the peritubular
capillary blood into the renal tubules.

41
Q

successive parts of the tubule before it is excreted as urine:

A

proximal convoluted tubule
the loop of Henle
the distal convoluted tubule
the collecting tubule
the collecting duct

42
Q

The largest amount of solute and water
reabsorption from filtered fluid occurs in
the proximal convoluted tubules

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

43
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs

A

65% of the filtered water, Na+ and K+

100% of organic solutes such as glucose and
amino acids

50% of the filtered Cl-, urea

80-90% of the filtered Ca2+, Mg2+, and
HPO42−

44
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule secretes

A

H+

NH4+

Urea and creatinine

45
Q

Consists of an descending limb, thin ascending
limb, and thick ascending limb

A

Loop of Henle

46
Q

The nephron loop reabsorbs:

A
  • Descending limb:
    15% of the filtered water
  • Ascending limb
    20-30% of the filtered Na+ and K+
    35% of the filtered Cl-
    10-20% HCO3-
    Ca+ and Mg+
47
Q

The early distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs:

A

10-15% of the filtered water

5% of the filtered Na+ and 5% Cl-

48
Q

A major site for parathyroid hormone to
stimulate reabsorption of Ca2+.

A

Early distal convoluted tubule

49
Q

group of closely packed
epithelial cells that is part of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus and provides
feedback control of GFR and blood flow in
this same nephron.

A

macula densa

50
Q

the amount of water and
solute reabsorption and the amount of solute
secretion vary depending on the body’s
needs in the

A

the late distal convoluted tubules
collecting ducts

51
Q

reabsorb Na+ and secrete
K+. These cells also have receptors for
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A

principal cells

52
Q

reabsorb HCO3− and secrete H+, thereby playing a role in blood pH regulation. In addition, the intercalated cells reabsorb K+.

A

intercalated cells

53
Q

Found at the point where the afferent arteriole
brushes past the distal tubule

This structure is important in maintaining
homeostasis of blood flow because it
reflexively secretes renin when blood pressure
in the afferent arteriole drops

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

54
Q

Mechanoreceptors

Sensitive to increased pressure in the arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

55
Q

Tightly-packed structure made up of distal
tubule cells that act as Chemoreceptors

Can sense the concentration of solute materials
in the fluid passing through the tubule

A

Macula densa

56
Q

A straight tubule joined by the distal tubules
of several nephrons

A

COLLECTING DUCT

57
Q

reabsorbs water
through osmosis only in the presence of ADH

A

COLLECTING DUCT

58
Q

Tubes that actively convey urine from the
kidneys to the urinary bladder

A

URETERS

59
Q

Runs obliquely through the bladder wall and
opens at lateral angles. Because of its oblique
course, the ends of the tubes close, acting as
valves when the bladder is full, thus
preventing backflow of urine

A

URETERS

60
Q

A muscular, collapsible bag

A

URINARY BLADDER

61
Q

The wall of the bladder is made mostly of
smooth muscle tissue, called the

A

detrusor
muscle

62
Q

the bladder is lined with

A

mucous transitional epithelium that forms rugae

63
Q

allows the bladder to distend considerably.

A

rugae,

64
Q

Serves as a reservoir for urine before it leaves
the body

A

URINARY BLADDER

65
Q

The mechanism for voiding urine begins with
the voluntary relaxation of the external
sphincter muscle of the bladder

A

MICTURITION

66
Q

This forces urine out of

A

MICTURITION

67
Q

Involuntary micturition is called

A

incontinence

68
Q

small tube lined with mucous membrane leading from the floor of the bladder
(trigone) to the exterior of the body

A

urethra

69
Q

passes through the center of the prostate gland, just after leaving the
bladder.

A

male urethra

Anaphy Lab (11 decks)

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