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Anaphy Lab > M3 U2 Special Senses > Flashcards

M3 U2 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

optically equivalent to the usual photographic camera

A

eye

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2
Q

eye components related to camera

A

lens system,
a variable aperture system (the pupil),
a retina that corresponds to the film.

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3
Q

three processes vision

A

the refraction or bending of light by the
lens and cornea

accommodation, the change in shape of
the lens

constriction or narrowing of the pupil

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4
Q

bending of light rays at an angulated
interface

A

refraction.

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5
Q

The direction in which light travels is always
____ to the plane of the wave
front, the direction of travel of the light
beam bends___.

A

perpendicular
downward

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6
Q

of the total refraction of light
occurs at the cornea.

A

75%

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7
Q

Increase in the curvature of the lens for near
vision

“focusing”

A

ACCOMODATION

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8
Q

attach radially around the lens, pulling the
lens edges toward the outer circle of the
eyeball. These ligaments are constantly
tensed, causing the lens to remain relatively
flat under normal conditions of the eye.

A

Suspensory ligaments

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9
Q
  • Laterally attached to the suspensory
    ligaments. Arranged circularly around the
    ligaments so that when they contract, a
    sphincter-like action occurs, decreasing the
    diameter of the circle of ligament attachments.
A

Ciliary muscle

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10
Q

Loss of accommodation by the lens

A

PRESBYOPIA

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11
Q

can sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6
m (20 ft ) away so that a clear image is focused on
the retina.

the emmetropic eye can see all distant objects
clearly with its ciliary muscle relaxed.

A

Emmetropia (Normal Vision)

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12
Q

also known as hypermetropia

Parallel light rays focus behind the retina

A

Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

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13
Q

when the ciliary muscle is completely relaxed, the
light rays coming from distant objects are focused in
front of the retina

A

Myopia (Nearsightedness)

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14
Q

refractive error of the eye that
causes the visual image in one plane to focus at a
different distance from that of the plane at right
angles.

A

Astigmatism

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15
Q

an especially common eye abnormality
that occurs mainly in older people.

cloudy or opaque area or areas in the lens

A

cataract

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16
Q
  • The ability to determine distance
A

DEPTH PERCEPTION

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17
Q

occurs when light rays
from an object strike corresponding points
on the two retinas.

A

Binocular vision

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18
Q

Lazy eye

Misalignment of the eyes

May cause blurred vision

A

AMBLYOPIA

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19
Q

involves the neurons in the successive
stages of the visual chain in the retina
itself and in the brain.

A

Neural adaptation

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20
Q

specialized cells in the photoreceptor layer in
the retina that begin the process by which light
rays are ultimately converted to nerve
impulses.

A

Photoreceptors

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21
Q

allow us to see in dim light, such as moonlight.
Because rods do not provide color vision, in dim
light we can see only black, white, and all shades
of gray in between

A

Rods

22
Q
  • produce color vision. Three cones are present in
    the retina: blue cones, green cones, and red cones.
    Each type of cone are sensitive to their respective
    color of light.
A

Cones

23
Q

is created by vibrations that may occur in
air, fluid, or solid material.

A

Sound

24
Q

the perceived loudness or softness of
sound. The height, or amplitude of a sound wave
determines its volume.

A

Volume

25
Q

number of sound waves that occur
during a specific time unit (frequency)

A

Pitch

26
Q

directs sound waves into the external auditory canal

A

auricle

27
Q

strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate.

A

Sound waves

28
Q

Caused by impairment of the
cochlea, the auditory nerve, or the
central nervous system circuits from
the ear

A

Nerve deafness

29
Q

Caused by impairment of the
physical structures of the ear that
conduct sound itself to the cochlea

A

Conduction deafness

30
Q

progressive hearing loss
associated with againg resulting from
degeneration of nerve tissue in the ear and
the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Presbycusis

31
Q

help prevent damage to hearing
cause by prolonged loud noise

A

tensor tempani and
stapedius

32
Q

a chronic inner ear disease of
unknown cause.

A

Meniere’s disease,

33
Q

distension of membranous labyrinth by the endolymph,

A

endolymphatic hydrops

34
Q

The most obvious cause is blockage of the external auditory canal. Waxy buildup of
cerumen commonly blocks conduction of sound toward the tympanic membrane.
Foreign objects,

A

Conduction deafness

35
Q

an inherited bone disorder that impairs conduction by causing structural irregularities in the stapes.

A

Otosclerosis

36
Q

often produces swelling and pus formation that block the conduction of sound through the middle ear. Permanent damage to structures of the middle ear
occasionally occurs in severe cases.

A

Otitis media

37
Q

the perception of noise or ringing in the ears

A

Tinnitus

38
Q

used to determine the nature of hearing disabilities

A

audiometer

39
Q

the receptor organs for equilibrium are
called the

A

Vestibular Apparatus;

40
Q

A function needed to sense the position of the head relative to gravity or to sense acceleration or deceleration of the body, as would occur when seated motionless in a vehicle that was increasing or decreasing in speed.

A

Static Equilibrium

41
Q

A function needed to maintain balance when the head or body itself is rotated or suddenly moved.

A

Dynamic equilibrium

42
Q

bipolar neurons (one axon, one dendrite) that contain the olfactory cilia, hair like projections that have the receptors that are stimulated by
the odorants.

A

Olfactory receptor cells

43
Q

columnar epithelial cells that provide physical support, nourishment, insulation to the olfactory receptor cells. They also provide protection by detoxifying chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium.

A

Supporting cells

44
Q

–stem cells that continually divide to produce
new olfactory receptor cells

A

Basal cells

45
Q

epithelium lining the nasal cavity, although they do not participate directly in odor determination, they are important to note since they are the ones producing mucus that keeps the nasal cavity moist.

A

Olfactory gland or Bowman’s gland

46
Q

The temporary inability to distinguish a
particular odor after prolonged exposure to the
airborne chemical compound.

A

Olfactory fatigue

46
Q

The temporary inability to distinguish a
particular odor after prolonged exposure to the
airborne chemical compound.

A

Olfactory fatigue

47
Q

these have microvilli
(hair like projections) that picks up the chemical
stimuli from anything ingested

A

Gustatory receptor cells

48
Q

these cells bring physical support
to the gustatory receptor cells. They can also
become new receptor cells when needed

A

Gustatory Supporting cells

49
Q

stem cells located the base which
produce new supporting cells.

A

Gustatory Basal cells

Anaphy Lab (11 decks)

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