M4 U2 Respiratory System Flashcards
an air distributor and a gas exchanger so that oxygen may be supplied to and carbon dioxide removed from the body’s cells.
respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract is composed of the
nose, pharynx, and larynx.
Lower respiratory tract is consists of the
trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree, and
the lungs.
accessory structures respiratory system
Oral cavity
Rib cage
Respiratory muscles (including the diaphragm)
- Area between the eyebrows
Root of the nose
- Connects the root to the dorsum
Nose bridge
- The anterior margin of the nose
Dorsum nasi
- The tip of the nose
Apex
- Wings of the nose
Ala
- nostrils
Nares (anterior nares)
colloquially referred to as nose job
surgical procedure in which the shape of the external nose is altered
the term is used both for reconstructive surgery, to treat nasal injuries or defects, and
cosmetic surgery, which is for aesthetic purposes.
Rhinoplasty
formed by the cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
roof
formed anteriorly by the hard
palate, and posteriorly by the soft palate
floor
Occurs when the palatine bones fail to
unit completely
The mouth is only partially separated from
the nasal cavity, and difficulties arise in
swallowing and speaking.
Cleft palate
Separated by a midline partition called the septum
Nasal cavity (internal nose)
Defect that blocks the passageway of air
Deviated septum
help to warm and moisten the air
that flows through the nose
nasal turbinates or nasal conchae
Overgrowth of nasal turbinates (commonly the inferior) that blocks passage of air through the nose
Turbinate hypertrophy
Lies superior to the nostrils
Lined with coarse hairs called vibrissae, sebaceous
glands, and numerous sweat glands
Nasal vestibule
Sequence of airflow in the nose
Anterior nares (nostrils)
Nasal vestibule
Inferior, middle, and superior meatus
Posterior nares
- Houses the smell receptors (axons of the
olfactory nerve)
Olfactory mucosa
Highly specialized respiratory mucosa
Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium rich in goblet cells
Nasal mucosa
Four pairs of are air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity and take
their names from the skull bones they are located in
Produce mucus
Serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing
Paranasal Sinuses
Another name for the throat
Pharnyx
serves as an air passageway that
propels mucus
- Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
Nasopharynx
serves as a passageway for both
air and swallowed food
- lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Oropharynx
opens into the esophagus
(food tube) posteriorly, and the larynx (voice
box) anteriorly
- lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Laryngopharynx
voice box
Lies between the root of the tongue and the
upper end of the trachea just below and in
front of the lowest part of the pharynx
Lined with ciliated pseuedostratified
columnar epithelium
except the vocal cords (stratified squamous
epithelium)
Protects the airway against the entrance of
solids or liquids during swallowing
Larynx
The largest cartilage of the larynx
Gives the characteristic triangular shape to its
anterior wall
Thyroid cartilage
- Small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone
Epiglottis
The most important of the paired laryngeal
cartilages
The base of each cartilage articulates with the
superior border of the cricoid cartilage
Serve as points of attachment of the vocal
cords
Pyramid-shaped arytenoid cartilage
False vocal cords
Vestibular fold
True vocal cords
Vocal folds
-The slitlike space between the true vocal
cords
-The narrowest part of the larynx
Rima glottides
A tube that extends from the larynx in the
neck to the primary bronchi in the thoracic
cavity
The trachea divides into the right and left
primary bronchi at the carina.
It furnishes part of the open passageway
through which air can reach the lungs from the
outside
Obstruction of this airway for even a few
minutes causes death from asphyxiation
Trachea (windpipe)
Cutting an opening into the trachea an inserting a tube to allow air to pass into the lungs
Also done for patients who cannot breathe on their own (endotracheal intubation)
Tracheostomy
These structures resemble an inverted tree
trunk with its branches
Bronchi
From the bronchioles, they subdivide and
further branch into alveolar ducts, which
terminate into alveolar sacs that contain
alveoli
Lined with simple squamous epithelium
The primary gas exchange structures of
the respiratory tract
Very effective in the exchange of carbon
dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2)
Alveoli
The barrier across which
gases are exchanged between alveolar air
and the blood is called the
respiratory membrane
helps reduce surface tension – the
force of attraction between water molecules –
of the fluid. Thus it helps prevent each
alveolus from collapsing and “sticking shut” as
air moves in and out during respiration
Surfactant
Cone-shaped organs, large enough to fill
the pleural portion of the thoracic cavity
completely
Extend from the diaphragm to a point
slightly above the clavicles and lie against
the ribs both anteriorly and posteriorly
LUNGS
Each lung is enclosed and protected by a
double-layered serous membrane called
the
pleural membrane or pleura
From the greek word “Rhinos”, nose
An inflammation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity
Commonly caused by a viral infection, as in the
common cold (rhinoviruses) or flu (influenza
viruses).
Can also be caused by nasal irritants
RHINITIS
Inflammation of the pharynx
Referred to as a “sore throat”
Bacterial infection by Streptococcus bacteria is
called “strep throat”
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the mucous lining of the
larynx, characterized by edema of the vocal
cords, resulting in hoarseness (dysphonia) or
loss of voice
Laryngitis
A common condition characterized by acute
inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree,
most commonly caused by infection
Acute bronchitis
inflammation of the lower respiratory tract
that involves the airways of the lungs proper is
Characterized by a high fever, severe chills,
headache, cough, and chest pain
A test examining arterial blood may reveal hypoxia
pneumonia.
Chronic bacillus infection caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Highly contagious disease, transmitted by
airborne mechanisms
Inflammatory lesions called “tubercles” form
around colonies of TB bacilli in the lung,
producing the characteristic symptoms of
nonproductive cough, fatigue, chest pains,
weight loss, and fever
Tuberculosis
Can be caused by violent sneezing or nose blowing, chronic infection or inflammation,
hypertension, or a strong bump or blow to the nose
Immediate direct pressure such as ice packs will slow or stop the bleeding
Nosebleed
