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Anaphy Lab > M3 U3 Endocrine System > Flashcards

M3 U3 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

both function to achieve and
maintain stability of the internal environment.

A

NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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2
Q

neuroendocrine system general functions within the body

A

communication, integration and
control.

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3
Q

perform their regulatory
functions by means of chemical messengers sent to specific cells.

A

NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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4
Q

-released in one part of the body
-regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body.
-enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream.
- sent to signal specific target cells or target organs

A

Hormone`

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5
Q
  • Pass from the secretory cells that make them into
    interstitial fluid and then into the blood
A

Circulating hormones

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6
Q
  • act locally on neighboring cells or on the same
    cell that secreted them without entering the
    bloodstream
A

Local hormones

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7
Q

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells

A

Paracrines

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8
Q
  • act on the same cell that secreted them
A

Autocrines

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9
Q

, “lying under”

A

Hypophysis

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10
Q

a pea-shaped structure that lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the
sphenoid bone. Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

A

Pituitary gland

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11
Q

anatomically and functionally separate portions of pituitary glands

A

A. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
B. Posterior pituitary

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12
Q

larger portion anterior

A

pars distalis

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13
Q
  • forms a sheath
    around the infundibulum
A

pars tuberalis

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14
Q

– larger bulbar
portion

A
  • pars nervosa
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15
Q

present only in
fetal development

A

pars intermedia

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16
Q

secrete growth hormones
(GH)

A

Somatotrophs

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17
Q

secrete adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)

A

Corticotrophs

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18
Q

Secrete melanocytestimulating hormone
(MSH)

A

Corticotrophs

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19
Q

– secrete thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)

A

Thyrotrophs

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20
Q

secrete prolactin (PL)

A

Lactotrophs

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21
Q

– secrete luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Gonadotrophs

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22
Q

*promotes growth and
regulates certain aspects of
metabolism

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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23
Q

secreted by the liver,
skeletal muscle, cartilage and
bone in response to GH

A

IGFs

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24
Q

secreted by the liver,
skeletal muscle, cartilage and
bone in response to GH

A

IGFs

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25
Q

Metabolism

A

*Enhance lipolysis in adipose tissue
*Decrease glucose uptake

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26
Q
  • Promotes and maintains the growth and
    development of the thyroid gland, and
    causes it to secrete its hormones
A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Thyrotropin

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27
Q
  • Promotes and maintains normal growth
    and development of the cortex of the
    adrenal gland
  • Also stimulates the adrenal cortex to
    secrete its hormones
A
  1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
    (ACTH)
    - Adrenocorticotropin
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28
Q
  • Stimulates follicle cells to synthesize and
    secrete estrogens in females
  • Stimulates the development of the
    seminiferous tubules of the testes and
    maintains spermatogenesis in males
A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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29
Q
  • Stimulates the formation and activity of the
    corpus luteum in the ovary. The corpus luteum
    secretes progesterone and estrogens when
    stimulated by LH.
  • Also supports FSH in stimulating the
    maturation of the follicles
  • In males, stimulates interstitial cells in the
    testes to develop, then synthesize and secrete
    testosterone
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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30
Q

(neurohypophysis)

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

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31
Q

Serves as a storage and release site for
two hormones:
1. Antidiuretic hormone
2. Oxytocin

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

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32
Q
  • Prevents the formation of large volume of
    urine
  • Helps maintain water balance in the body
  • Conserves water in the body during
    dehydration, causing water to be
    reabsorbed from the kidneys into the blood
A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone
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33
Q
  • Stimulates contraction of uretine muscles
    and causes milk ejection from the breasts
    of lactating women
  • Stimulates uterine contractions (“swift
    childbirth”)
A
  1. Oxytocin
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34
Q

*decreases urine production

A

ADH/ vasopressin

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35
Q
  • small region of the brain below the thalamus
    is the major link between the nervous and
    endocrine systems
  • Almost all secretion by the pituitary is
    controlled by either hormonal or nervous
    signals from the hypothalamus
  • Special neurons in the hypothalamus
    synthesize and secrete the hypothalamic
    releasing and inhibitory hormones that
    control secretion of the anterior pituitary
    hormones
A

Hypothalamus

36
Q
  • Carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to
    the adenohypophysis, where the target cells of the
    releasing hormones are located
A

Hypophyseal portal system

37
Q

Stimulates growth hormone (GH)
secretion

A

Growth hormone-releasing
hormone (GRH)

38
Q
  • Inhibits growth hormone (GH)
    secretion
A

Growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone (GIH) – somatostatin

39
Q
  • Stimulates release of
    adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)

40
Q
  • Stimulates release of thyroid-
    stimulating hormone (TSH)
A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH)

41
Q
  • Stimulates release of gonadotropins
    (FSH and LH)
A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GNRH)

42
Q
  • Stimulates prolactin secretion
A

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

43
Q
  • Inhibits prolactin secretion
A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

44
Q
  • tiny pine cone-shaped structure
    -dorsal aspect of the brain’s diencephalon region
  • Acts as part of the nervous system (receives visual
    stimuli) and part of the endocrine system (secretes a
    hormone)
  • Supports the body’s biological clock that regulates our
    patterns of eating, sleeping, reproduction (female
    reproductive cycle), and behavior.
  • Secretes Melatonin
A

PINEAL GLAND

45
Q

: thought to induce sleep

A

melatonin

46
Q

Inhibited by the presence of sunlight

A

Melatonin:

47
Q
  • Made up of two large lateral lobes and a narrow
    connecting isthmus
  • Only organ to store its own hormones before
    secreting
  • Produces thyroid hormone (TH) and Calcitonin
A

THYROID GLAND

48
Q

Thyroid hormones:

A
  1. Tetraiodothyronine (T4) or Thyroxine
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
49
Q
  • Helps regulate the metabolic rate of all cells,
    as well as the processes of cell growth and
    tissue differentiation. Because thyroid
    hormone can potentially interact with any cell
    in the body, its is said to have a “general”
    target.
  • Produced by follicular cells
A

Thyroid hormones:

50
Q

Storage form of thyroid hormones

A

Thyroglobulin

51
Q
  • Produced by parafollicular cells
  • controls calcium content of the blood by
    increasing bone formation by osteoblasts
    and inhibiting bone breakdown by
    osteoclasts
  • Thus, osteoblasts remove calcium from the
    blood and less calcium is released into the
    blood by osteoclasts.
A

Calcitonin

52
Q

Low blood levels of T3 and T4 or low
metabolic rate stimulate the
hypothalamus to secrete

A

TRH

53
Q

TRH enters the hypothalamic–
hypophyseal portal system and flows to
the anterior pituitary, where it
stimulates thyrotrophs to secrete

A

TSH

54
Q

stimulates virtually all aspects of
thyroid follicular cell activity, including
iodide trapping, hormone synthesis and
secretion, and growth of the follicular
cells

A

TSH

55
Q

release T3 and T4 into the blood until the
metabolic rate returns to normal

A

thyroid follicular

56
Q

inhibits release of TRH and TSH

A

elevated level of T3

57
Q

Appear as four or five tiny rounded
bodies within thyroid tissues formed by
compact, irregular rows of cells
- Secretes parathyroid hormone

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

58
Q
  • the major regulator of the levels of calcium
    (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and phosphate
    (HPO4 2−) ions in the blood.
A

parathyroid hormone
(parathormone)

59
Q

it increases the number and activity of
osteoclasts, resulting in elevated bone resorption.
Bone resorption leads to release of Ca++ and
HPO4
2-
into the blood.

A

Bone:

60
Q
  1. it slows the rate at which Ca2+ and Mg2+ are
    lost from blood into the urine.
  2. it increases loss of HPO4

2− from blood into the

urine. Because more HPO4

2− is lost in the urine
than is gained from the bones, PTH decreases
blood HPO4

2− level and increases blood Ca++

and Mg++ levels.
3. promote formation of the hormone calcitriol,
the active form of Vitamin D

A
  • Kidneys
61
Q

Calcitriol increases the rate
of Ca++ , HPO4

2−, and Mg++ absorption

A

Gastrointestinal tract:

62
Q
  • Suprarenal glands
  • Located superior to the kidneys, fitting like a cap over
    these organs.
  • Have a flattened, pyramidal shape
  • The outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and
    inner portion is the adrenal medulla.
A

ADRENAL GLANDS

63
Q
  • produces steroid hormones that are essential for life.
    Complete loss of adrenocortical hormones leads to
    death due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
    in a few days to a week, unless hormone replacement
    therapy begins promptly
  • Comprises 80-90% of the gland
A

Adrenal cortex

64
Q
  • The only physiologically important mineralocorticoid
  • Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, causing to be
    reabsorbed. The end result is water retention in the body.
  • Renin-angiotensin mechanism
A

Aldosterone

65
Q
  • Glucocorticoid
  • Accounts for 95% of glucocorticoid activity
  • Influences metabolism of food molecules; in large amounts,
    it has an anti-inflammatory effect
A

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

66
Q

converted to either androgen
testosterone or androgen estrogen

A

Precursor hormone

67
Q
  • Precursor hormone – is converted to either androgen
    testosterone or androgen estrogen
  • androgen testosterone is also released in much greater
    quantity by the testes. Thus, androgens in males are often
    insignificant
  • all female estrogens come from conversion of adrenal
    androgens
A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

68
Q
  • Composed of neurosecretory tissue that secrete their
    products into blood rather than across a synapse
A

Adrenal medulla

69
Q

Enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
70
Q

Enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

71
Q

both an endocrine gland and an
exocrine gland. located in the curve of the duodenum,
the first part of the small intestine, and consists of a
head, a body, and a tail.

A

pancreas

72
Q
  • Produced by alpha cells
  • Tends to increase blood glucose levels by
    stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
    in liver cells. Also stimulates gluconeogenesis in
    liver cells.
  • The glucose produced via the breakdown of
    glycogen and by gluconeogenesis is released into
    the bloodstream, producing a hyperglycemic effect
A

Glucagon

73
Q
  • Produced by beta cells
  • Promote the movement of glucose, amino acids,
    and fatty acids out of the blood and into tissue
    cells. Thus, it promotes metabolism of tissue cells
A

Insulin

74
Q
  • Produced by delta cells
  • Regulates the other endocrine cells of the
    pancreatic islets
  • Inhibits the secretion of glucagon, insulin,
    and pancreatic polypeptide
  • Also inhibits the secretion of growth hormone
    (somatotropin)
A

Somatostatin

75
Q
  • Produced by F cells
  • Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder
    contraction, and
    secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
A

Pancreatic polypeptide

76
Q
  • Primary sex organs in the male (testes) and in the
    females (ovaries)
A

GONADS

77
Q

responsible for the growth
and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and
for sperm production

A

testosterone,

78
Q

regulated principally by gonadotropin
(especially LH) levels in the blood

A

Secretion

79
Q

inhibits secretion of FSH
from the anterior pituitary.

A

inhibin,

80
Q
  • Paired organs within a sac of skin called the scrotum,
    which hangs from the groin area of the trunk
  • Produce testosterone, responsible for the growth
    and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and
    for sperm production
  • Secretion is regulated principally by gonadotropin
    (especially LH) levels in the blood
  • Also produces inhibin, which inhibits secretion of FSH
    from the anterior pituitary.
A

Testes

81
Q
  • A set of paired glands in the pelvis that produce
    several types of sex hormones:
A

Ovaries

82
Q
  • Includes estradiol and estrone
  • Steroid hormones
  • Promote the development and maintenance of female sexual
    characteristics
  • Responsible for breast development and the proper sequence
    of events in the menstrual cycle
A

Estrogens

83
Q
  • “pregnancy-promoting steroid”
  • Secreted by the corpus luteum
  • Along with estrogen, maintains the lining of the uterus
    necessary for successful pregnancy
A

Progesterone

84
Q
  • The tissue that forms on the lining of the
    uterus as an interface between the circulatory
    systems of the mother and developing child
  • Serves as a temporary endocrine gland
  • Produces human chorionic gonadotropin
    (hCG)
A

Inhibin

85
Q
  • Called chorionic because it is secreted by the
    chorion, a fetal tissue component of the
    placenta
  • High levels during the early part of the
    pregnancy and serves as a signal to the
    mother’s gonads to maintain the uterine lining
    rather than allow it to degenerate and fall away
    (as in menstruation)
  • As the placenta develops past the first trimester,
    hCG production drops as its production of
    estrogens and progesterone increase.
A

human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG)

Anaphy Lab (11 decks)

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