Articular System Flashcards
- no synovial cavity
- permit little or no movement
-bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers
Fibrous joints
-Like a fibrous joint, lacks a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement
-bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Cartilaginous Joints
-have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue
Synovial Joints
allows considerable movement at a joint (diarthroses)
synovial cavity (joint cavity)
- Layer of hyaline cartilage
-covering the articular surfaces of the bones
with a smooth, slippery surface but does not bind them together. - reduces friction between bones, helps to absorb shock
Synovial Joints articular cartilage
- encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones
- is composed an outer FIBROUS membrane and an inner SYNOVIAL membrane
Articular capsule
- attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones.
- thickened continuation of the periosteum
- permits considerable movement at a joint
-great tensile strength (resistance to stretching) helps prevent the bones from dislocating
Fibrous membrane
- composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
- secretes synovial fluid
Articular capsule
- Saclike structures that alleviates friction in some joints
- filled with a small amount of fluid that is similar to synovial fluid
- cushion the movement of these body parts against one another (knee, shoulder)
Bursae
- tubelike bursae
- they wrap around tendons that experience friction
- protects all sides of a tendon from friction as the tendon slides back and forth
Tendon Sheaths
a form of rheumatism in which the joints are swollen, stiff, and painful
Arthritis
- “wear-and-tear” arthritis, most common
- combination of aging, obesity, irritation of the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and abrasion.
- Articular cartilage deteriorates and new bone forms
- The articular cartilage is mainly affected, but the synovial membrane becomes
inflamed later in the disease
Osteoarthritis
-autoimmune disease; attacks its own cartilage and joint linings
-characterized by inflammation of the joint
Rheumatoid arthritis
-Excess production of uric acid
-form sodium urate which deposit in the joints of the tissues
-allopurinol
Gouty Arthritis
- caused by irritation
- caused by trauma, by an acute or chronic infection, or by rheumatoid arthritis
- common in adults and occurs around major joints
Bursitis
- an inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths, and synovial membranes
- resulting in tennis elbow and trigger finger
-swollen sheaths because of fluid accumulation.
-tenderness and pain - from trauma, strain, or excessive exercise
Tenosynovitis
- intervertebral disk protrudes beyond the edge of a vertebra.
- caused by excessive pressure on the vertebral column
- the protruding disk may place pressure on a spinal nerve
and cause considerable pain.
Herniated disk
-abnormal lateral curvature
-more common in adolescent girls
Scoliosis
- excessive thoracic curvature
- humpback condition
Kyphosis
-excessive lumbar curvature
-swayback condition
Lordosis
any break in a bone
fractures
- compound fracture
- protrude through the skin.
Open fracture
- simple fracture
- does not break the skin
Closed fracture
-splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces
Comminuted fracture
-partial fracture
-broken, bend
-similar to the way a green twig breaks
Greenstick fracture
forcefully driven into the interior of the other.
Impacted fracture
Pott’s fracture
-fracture on distal end of lateral leg bone
-serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
Pott’s fracture
-Fracture of the distal end of lateral forearm bone
-distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
Colles’ fracture
opposing surfaces are rough, with toothed or serrate projections fitting into corresponding indentations
Dentate fracture
fracture of the posterior elements of the second vertebral bone (C2) of the spine
Hangman’s fracture
microscopic fissures in bone
Stress fracture (hairline fracture)
-break at the site where bone attaches to a tendon or ligament
- tendon or ligament pulls off a part of the bone it’s attached to.
Avulsion fracture
-bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces bone deposition (formation)
-due to depletion of calcium from the body
- afflicts the entire skeletal system
Osteoporosis
Diagnosis for osteoporosis
taking a family history and undergoing a bone mineral density (BMD) test
Treatment for osteoporosis
antireabsorptive drugs
bone-building drugs
drug that slows down the progression of bone loss
antireabsorptive drugs
drugs that promote increasing bone mass
bone-building drugs
-result from inadequate calcification
-usually caused by a vitamin D deficiency
Rickets (children) and Osteomalacia (adults)
Treatment for Rickets and Osteomalacia
• Vitamin D intake
• Exposure to moderate amounts of sunlight
