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Pathology II Master > Skeletal Pathology (LS) > Flashcards

Skeletal Pathology (LS) Flashcards

1
Q

What dz is the result of METAPHYSEAL dysplasia?

A

Osteopetrosis in Angus cattle→ inherited

(Marble Bone Dz)

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2
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Dz)?

A
  • failure of osteoclasts to resorb 1° spongiosa → accumulation of bony spicules in the BM space
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3
Q

Lesions of Osteopetrosis?

A
  • Increased bone density
  • Aplastic anemia
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4
Q

What dz is the result of DIAPHYSEAL dysplasia?

A

Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis of Pigs

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5
Q

Pathogenesis of Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?

A
  • abnormal periosteal LONG bone formation→ deposition on radiating trebeculae
  • affects the cortex (outside) of bone
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6
Q

Lesions of Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?

A
  • increased diameter of bone
  • edema due to lymph blockage
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7
Q

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO) is often seen in what dog breeds?

Prognosis?

A
  • West Highland white terriers → 4-7 mo.
  • Irish setters
  • self limiting, can regress
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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

abnormal PERIOSTEAL bone formation→ increased bone thickness

irregular bone resorption

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9
Q

Chondrodystrophy is a ______ lesion in the ______ _____.

A
  • primary
  • growth cartilage
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10
Q

List the 3 different types of Disproportionate Dwarfism (Chondrodystrophy) seen in cattle.

A
  • Deter type→ bulldog calves
  • Telemark → brachygnathia, cleft palate, protruding tongue, short neck
  • Short headed type
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11
Q

4 Causes of Osteochondrosis?

A
  • Infarcts
  • increased Zn→ DECREASED Cu
  • INCREASED Ca2+
  • Idiopathic
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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis?

A

failure/delay of ENDOCHONDRAL ossification→ rention of growth cartilage

FOCAL (more frequently)

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13
Q

3 Lesions of Osteochondrosis?

A
  • wedge shaped
  • necrosis
  • hemorrhage
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14
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)?

A

dysplasia at AE complex→ FX of articular cartilage → joint mouse

NOT FOCAL

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of STATIC Cervical Vertebral Myelopathy (Wobbler’s).

What is it called in Horse/Dog?

A
  • 2º to CONSTANT SC compression due to malformation
  • Horses → 1-4 years →”Cervical Static Stenosis”
  • Dogs → “Cervical Spondylomyelopathies”
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16
Q

What ligament is affected by Static CVM?

A
  • Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum
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17
Q

Pathogenesis of DYNAMIC Cervical Vertebral Myelopathy?

A
  • INTERMITTENT SC compression due to rapid growth
  • Horses → 8-18 months →Cervical Vertebral Instability
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18
Q

What are Hemivertebrae (Butterfly vertebrae)?

Who has them?

A
  • partially developed vertebrae→ can compress SC
  • Bulldogs, Frenchies, Pugs, Bostons
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19
Q

Causes of Growth Arrest Lines?

A
  • Viral → BVD, K9 distemper
  • Lead toxicity → Lead line
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20
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis?

A

Atrophy → Increased resorption or decreased formation

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21
Q

6 Causes of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Low Ca → high PTH
  • Low Cu

Toxicity:

  • High Vit A.
  • Adriamycin
  • Fluoride
  • Glucocorticoids
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22
Q

3 Lesions of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Cortical bone → LOW thickness, HIGH porosity
  • Trabecular bone →LOW thickness
  • Medullary cavity → ENLARGED
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23
Q

Pathogenesis of Rickets (Rachitic Rosary)

A
  • Young animals
  • failure of mineralization of endochondrial ossification
  • Excess osteoid @ epiphysis
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24
Q

1° Cause of Rickets?

A

Low Vit D

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25
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteomalacia?

A
  • MATURE animals
  • softening of bones after growth plate closure
  • failure of mineralization
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26
Q

3 Causes of Osteomalacia?

A
  • Low Vit D
  • Chronic Renal dz → low calcitriol
  • Chronic Fluorosis
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27
Q

3 Lesions of Osteomalacia?

A
  • Soft bones → limb deformities
  • FX
  • Excess UNmineralized osteoid → resistant to osteoclasts
28
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy AKA _______.

A

Osteopenia

29
Q

Other names for Fibrous Osteodystrophy?

(6)

A
  • Recklinghausen’s Dz
  • Renal Rickets
  • Big Head
  • Bran Dz
  • Rubber jaw
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
30
Q

Pathogenesis of Fibrous Osteodystrophy?

A
  • abnormal bone quality → excess resorption “osteoclasts” → 2o fibrosis
  • Disruptions in Ca:P homeostasis
31
Q

3 Causes of Fibrous Osteodystrophy (Osteopenia)?

A

2° Hyperparathyroidism (most common)

  • Nutrional → ingestion of high oxalate plants, HIGH P diets, or LOW Vit D3 diets
  • Renal → Failure to eliminate P; loss of Vit D3
  • Drugs → Adriamycin
32
Q

Pathogenesis of Vit A. Deficiency?

A

bone is laid down when resorption should be taking place

33
Q

Big lesion of Vit. A Deficiency?

A
  • Blindness→ stenosis of optic canal
34
Q

Pathogenesis of HYPERtrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)?

Who gets?

A
  • METAPHYSEAL osteopathy
  • Bilateral, Symmetrical Physitis→ metaphysis
  • Spontaneous recovery
  • Young, growing large/giant breed DOGS
35
Q

3 Causes of HOD?

A
  • HIGH Ca2+ & Vit. D.
  • LOW Vit C.
36
Q

Pathogenesis of HYPERtrophic (Pulmonary) Osteopathy (HOP/HPO)?

A
  • Periosteal exostosis
  • DYAPHYSEAL region of DISTAL limbs
    • Bilateral, symmetrical
    • New bone formation
37
Q

Dzs associated w/ HOP/HPO

A
  • Rhabdomyosarcomas of Urinary Bladder → Dogs
  • Ovarian Neoplasms → Horses
38
Q

2 CS of Acute Osteofluorosis?

A
  • GI signs
  • CNS signs
39
Q

2 CS of Chronic Osteofluorosis?

A
  • Dental abnormalities
  • Osteodystrophy
40
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteofluorosis?

A
  • F- BINDS Ca2+ → Ricket-like lesions
  • F- REPLACES hydroxl radical in Hydroxyapatite → abnormal osteoid
  • F- ACCUMULATES in periosteum →thickened periosteum
41
Q

Pathogenesis of Vit. A Toxicity in Cats?

A

Excess Vit. A from liver consumption→ Decreased osteoblasts & osteoclasts

  • decreased chondrocyte proliferation
  • destruction of GP cartilage
  • SPONDYLOSIS from periarticular osteophyets
42
Q

3 Lesions of Vit. A Toxicosis?

A
  • destruction of growth plates & cartilage
  • Osteoporosis
  • Ankylosing Cervical Spondylosis
43
Q

Pathogenesis of Vit. D. Toxicosis?

A

Acute massive Vit. D exposure

  • widespread mineralization

Chronic Vit. D exposure

  • HIGH Calcitonin → stops bone resorption → osteosclerosis
  • Direct stimulation of osteoblasts → increased bone formation → exotosis
44
Q

What affect does Calcitonin have on osteoclasts?

A

SUPPRESSES osteoclasts

45
Q

Pathogenesis of Lead Posioning?

A

DECREASED OSTEOCLASTS → decr. trabecular remodeling →

retention of 1° trabeculae (spicules)

46
Q

Histologic Lesion of Lead Posioning?

A

Acid-fast inclusion bodies

47
Q

Lesions of Necrosis (Osteosis)?

A

Gross

  • soft, discolored bones

Histo.

  • Empty lacunae
48
Q

Sequelea of Osteosis?

A
  • Resportion → inflammation → Exostosis or scar
  • No resorpotion → Sequestrum or involucrum
49
Q

Term for Destructive Inflammation of Bone?

A

Osteolytic

50
Q

Term for Productive Inflammation of Bone?

A

Sclerotic

51
Q

Causes of Osteitis/Osteomyelitis in order of prevalance?

A

BacT > mycotic > viral > parasitic

52
Q

Osteomyelitis is inflammation of _______

A
  • medullary cavity
53
Q

Spondylitis is inflammation of the _____ ______.

A

Vertebral body

54
Q

3 List the causes of Suppurative Inflammation?

A
  • Brucella → Swine spondylitis
  • A. pyogens → vertebral abscesses
  • R. equi → foals
55
Q

2 Causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?

A
  • A. bovis → lumpy jaw, mandibular osteomyelitis
  • Mycotic
56
Q

3 Lesions of Osteomyelitis?

A
  • Purulent exudate → medullary cavity
  • Thrombosis/infarct
  • Bone resorption
57
Q

Most common primary neoplasm of bone in Dogs & Cats?

A

Osteosarcoma

AKA

Osteogenic sarcoma

58
Q

Where is the common site for Osteosarcoma to occur?

A

Metaphysis

59
Q

4 Lesions of Osteosarcoma?

A
  • Grey-white masses → hemorrhage & necrosis
  • Reactive bone
  • Pleomorphism
  • Agressive w/ Pulmonary metastasis
60
Q

8 responses of Joints to injury?

A
  • Fibrillation
  • Eburnation
  • Joint mice
  • Osteophytosis
  • Villous hyperplasia of synovial membrane
  • Pannus
  • Capsular fibrosis
  • Ankylosis
61
Q

5 responses of Bone to Injury?

A
  • Disruption of endochondrial ossification
  • Bone modeling
  • Altered mass
  • Rapidily deposited bone
  • Injured periosteum
62
Q

Term for Chondrodysplasia in Suffolk/Hampshire lambs?

A

“Spider lamb”

63
Q

3 Sequelae of OCD?

A
  • DJD
  • Ulcercation/exopsure of subchondrial bone
  • Lameness
64
Q

What is the only form of Osteochondrosis that Cats get?

A

Epiphysiolysis

65
Q

Which animal can get Osteoporosis during lactation?

A

Gilts

(young pigs)

66
Q

Dogs & Cats get Fibrous Osteodystrophy most commonly due to _____ _____.

A

Renal dz.

67
Q

Which 3 animals get Fibrous Osteodystrophy from improper nutrition?

A
  • Horses
  • Reptiles
  • Captive primates

Pathology II Master (15 decks)

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