Skeletal Pathology (LS) Flashcards
1
Q
What dz is the result of METAPHYSEAL dysplasia?
A
Osteopetrosis in Angus cattle→ inherited
(Marble Bone Dz)
2
Q
Pathogenesis of Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Dz)?
A
- failure of osteoclasts to resorb 1° spongiosa → accumulation of bony spicules in the BM space
3
Q
Lesions of Osteopetrosis?
A
- Increased bone density
- Aplastic anemia
4
Q
What dz is the result of DIAPHYSEAL dysplasia?
A
Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis of Pigs
5
Q
Pathogenesis of Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?
A
- abnormal periosteal LONG bone formation→ deposition on radiating trebeculae
- affects the cortex (outside) of bone
6
Q
Lesions of Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?
A
- increased diameter of bone
- edema due to lymph blockage
7
Q
Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO) is often seen in what dog breeds?
Prognosis?
A
- West Highland white terriers → 4-7 mo.
- Irish setters
- self limiting, can regress
8
Q
Pathogenesis of Craniomandibular osteopathy?
A
abnormal PERIOSTEAL bone formation→ increased bone thickness
irregular bone resorption
9
Q
Chondrodystrophy is a ______ lesion in the ______ _____.
A
- primary
- growth cartilage
10
Q
List the 3 different types of Disproportionate Dwarfism (Chondrodystrophy) seen in cattle.
A
- Deter type→ bulldog calves
- Telemark → brachygnathia, cleft palate, protruding tongue, short neck
- Short headed type
11
Q
4 Causes of Osteochondrosis?
A
- Infarcts
- increased Zn→ DECREASED Cu
- INCREASED Ca2+
- Idiopathic
12
Q
Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis?
A
failure/delay of ENDOCHONDRAL ossification→ rention of growth cartilage
FOCAL (more frequently)
13
Q
3 Lesions of Osteochondrosis?
A
- wedge shaped
- necrosis
- hemorrhage
14
Q
Pathogenesis of Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)?
A
dysplasia at AE complex→ FX of articular cartilage → joint mouse
NOT FOCAL
15
Q
Pathogenesis of STATIC Cervical Vertebral Myelopathy (Wobbler’s).
What is it called in Horse/Dog?
A
- 2º to CONSTANT SC compression due to malformation
- Horses → 1-4 years →”Cervical Static Stenosis”
- Dogs → “Cervical Spondylomyelopathies”
16
Q
What ligament is affected by Static CVM?
A
- Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum
17
Q
Pathogenesis of DYNAMIC Cervical Vertebral Myelopathy?
A
- INTERMITTENT SC compression due to rapid growth
- Horses → 8-18 months →Cervical Vertebral Instability
18
Q
What are Hemivertebrae (Butterfly vertebrae)?
Who has them?
A
- partially developed vertebrae→ can compress SC
- Bulldogs, Frenchies, Pugs, Bostons
19
Q
Causes of Growth Arrest Lines?
A
- Viral → BVD, K9 distemper
- Lead toxicity → Lead line
20
Q
Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis?
A
Atrophy → Increased resorption or decreased formation
21
Q
6 Causes of Osteoporosis?
A
- Low Ca → high PTH
- Low Cu
Toxicity:
- High Vit A.
- Adriamycin
- Fluoride
- Glucocorticoids
22
Q
3 Lesions of Osteoporosis?
A
- Cortical bone → LOW thickness, HIGH porosity
- Trabecular bone →LOW thickness
- Medullary cavity → ENLARGED
23
Q
Pathogenesis of Rickets (Rachitic Rosary)
A
- Young animals
- failure of mineralization of endochondrial ossification
- Excess osteoid @ epiphysis
24
Q
1° Cause of Rickets?
A
Low Vit D
25
Pathogenesis of **Osteomalacia**?
* MATURE animals
* softening of bones after growth plate closure
* failure of mineralization
26
3 Causes of **Osteomalacia**?
* **Low Vit D**
* **Chronic Renal dz →** low calcitriol
* **Chronic Fluorosis**
27
3 Lesions of **Osteomalacia**?
* Soft bones → limb deformities
* FX
* **Excess UNmineralized osteoid → resistant to osteoclasts**
28
**Fibrous Osteodystrophy** AKA \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Osteopenia
29
Other names for **Fibrous Osteodystrophy**?
| (6)
* Recklinghausen's Dz
* Renal Rickets
* Big Head
* Bran Dz
* Rubber jaw
* Osteogenesis imperfecta
30
Pathogenesis of **Fibrous Osteodystrophy**?
* **abnormal bone quality** → excess resorption "osteoclasts" → 2o fibrosis
* Disruptions in Ca:P homeostasis
31
3 Causes of **Fibrous Osteodystrophy** (Osteopenia)?
2° Hyperparathyroidism (most common)
* Nutrional → ingestion of high oxalate plants, HIGH P diets, or LOW Vit D3 diets
* Renal → Failure to eliminate P; loss of Vit D3
* Drugs → Adriamycin
32
Pathogenesis of **Vit A. Deficiency**?
bone is laid down when resorption should be taking place
33
Big lesion of **Vit. A Deficiency**?
* Blindness→ stenosis of optic canal
34
Pathogenesis of **HYPERtrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)**?
Who gets?
* **METAPHYSEAL** osteopathy
* Bilateral, Symmetrical Physitis→ metaphysis
* Spontaneous recovery
* Young, growing large/giant breed DOGS
35
3 Causes of **HOD?**
* HIGH Ca2+ & Vit. D.
* LOW Vit C.
36
Pathogenesis of **HYPERtrophic (Pulmonary) Osteopathy (HOP/HPO)**?
* Periosteal exostosis
* **DYAPHYSEAL** region of DISTAL limbs
* Bilateral, symmetrical
* New bone formation
37
Dzs associated w/ **HOP/HPO**
* Rhabdomyosarcomas of Urinary Bladder → Dogs
* Ovarian Neoplasms → Horses
38
2 CS of **Acute Osteofluorosis**?
* GI signs
* CNS signs
39
2 CS of **Chronic Osteofluorosis**?
* Dental abnormalities
* Osteodystrophy
40
Pathogenesis of **Osteofluorosis**?
* F- BINDS Ca2+ → Ricket-like lesions
* F- REPLACES hydroxl radical in Hydroxyapatite → abnormal osteoid
* F- ACCUMULATES in periosteum →thickened periosteum
41
Pathogenesis of **Vit. A Toxicity in Cats**?
Excess Vit. A from liver consumption→ Decreased osteoblasts & osteoclasts
* decreased chondrocyte proliferation
* destruction of GP cartilage
* SPONDYLOSIS from periarticular osteophyets
42
3 Lesions of **Vit. A Toxicosis**?
* destruction of growth plates & cartilage
* Osteoporosis
* Ankylosing Cervical Spondylosis
43
Pathogenesis of **Vit. D. Toxicosis**?
**_Acute massive Vit. D exposure_**
* **widespread mineralization**
**_Chronic Vit. D exposure_**
* HIGH Calcitonin → stops bone resorption → **osteosclerosis**
* Direct stimulation of osteoblasts → increased bone formation → **exotosis**
44
What affect does **Calcitonin** have on **osteoclasts**?
SUPPRESSES osteoclasts
45
Pathogenesis of **Lead Posioning**?
DECREASED OSTEOCLASTS → decr. trabecular remodeling →
retention of 1° trabeculae (spicules)
46
Histologic Lesion of **Lead Posioning**?
Acid-fast inclusion bodies
47
Lesions of **Necrosis (Osteosis)**?
**Gross**
* soft, discolored bones
**Histo.**
* Empty lacunae
48
Sequelea of **Osteosis**?
* **Resportion** → inflammation → Exostosis or scar
* **No resorpotion** → Sequestrum or involucrum
49
Term for **Destructive Inflammation** of Bone?
Osteolytic
50
Term for **Productive Inflammation** of Bone?
Sclerotic
51
Causes of **Osteitis/Osteomyelitis** in order of prevalance?
BacT \> mycotic \> viral \> parasitic
52
**Osteomyelitis** is inflammation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* medullary cavity
53
**Spondylitis** is inflammation of the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Vertebral body
54
3 List the causes of **Suppurative Inflammation**?
* ***Brucella*** → Swine spondylitis
* ***A. pyogens*** → vertebral abscesses
* ***R. equi*** → foals
55
2 Causes of **Granulomatous Inflammation**?
* ***A. bovis*** → lumpy jaw, mandibular osteomyelitis
* Mycotic
56
3 Lesions of **Osteomyelitis**?
* Purulent exudate → medullary cavity
* Thrombosis/infarct
* Bone resorption
57
Most common **primary neoplasm** of bone in Dogs & Cats?
Osteosarcoma
## Footnote
AKA
Osteogenic sarcoma
58
Where is the common site for **Osteosarcoma** to occur?
Metaphysis
59
4 Lesions of **Osteosarcoma**?
* Grey-white masses → hemorrhage & necrosis
* Reactive bone
* Pleomorphism
* Agressive w/ Pulmonary metastasis
60
8 responses of **Joints** to injury?
* Fibrillation
* Eburnation
* Joint mice
* Osteophytosis
* Villous hyperplasia of synovial membrane
* Pannus
* Capsular fibrosis
* Ankylosis
61
5 responses of **Bone** to Injury?
* Disruption of endochondrial ossification
* Bone modeling
* Altered mass
* Rapidily deposited bone
* Injured periosteum
62
Term for **Chondrodysplasia** in Suffolk/Hampshire **lambs**?
"Spider lamb"
63
3 Sequelae of **OCD**?
* DJD
* Ulcercation/exopsure of subchondrial bone
* Lameness
64
What is the only form of **Osteochondrosis** that **Cats** get?
Epiphysiolysis
65
Which animal can get **Osteoporosis** during lactation?
Gilts
| (young pigs)
66
**Dogs & Cats** get **Fibrous Osteodystrophy** most commonly due to _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
Renal dz.
67
Which 3 animals get **Fibrous Osteodystrophy** from **improper nutrition**?
* Horses
* Reptiles
* Captive primates
