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Pathology II Master > Bone Edited (AH/LS) > Flashcards

Bone Edited (AH/LS) Flashcards

Edited in ref. to Muzzy's review and class notes. Reformatted to make more sense.

1
Q

Other names for Osteopetrosis

A

aka: Metaphyseal dyslasia, Marble bone dz.

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2
Q

Spp. associated with Osteopetrosis?

A

Angus cattle = inherited

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3
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteopetrosis?

A

Failure of osteoclasts to resorb the primary spongiosa –> accumulation of bony spicules in marrow spaces.**This can lead to Aplastic anemia ** TQ

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4
Q

Other name for Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?

A

Diaphyseal dysplasia

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5
Q

Spp. associated with Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?

A

Inherited in pigs

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6
Q

Patho of Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?

A

Periosteal bone formation on long bones. Deposition on radiating trebeculae –> increase in diameter.

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7
Q

What other condition is associated with Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis?

A

Edema due to blockage of lymph

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8
Q

Other names for Craniomandiblar Osteopathy?

A

Scottie jaw, lion jaw, westie jaw.

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9
Q

Spp. associated with CMO?

A

Inheritied in west highland white terriers = dogs Usually appears @ 4-7 mo of age and regresses.

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10
Q

Path of CMO?

A

Abnormal periosteal bone formation, irregular resorption –> irregular thickening of mandible/occipital/temporal bones. Tympanic bullae often severely affected.*

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11
Q

Where is the primary lesion of Chondrodystrophy?

A

1* lesion in growth cartilage –> disproportionate dwarfism = short legs w/ normal-sized heads

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12
Q

Types of Disproportionate Dwarfism?

A

Dexter type –> bulldog calves Telemark type.

Short headed type.

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis?

A

Failure / delay of endochondral ossification of osteoid (bone matrix) = cartilage retention –> increase in cartilage width.

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14
Q

Etiology of Osteochondrosis?

A
  1. Cu deficiencies induced by excess dietary Zn
  2. Increased Ca2+ intake
  3. Infarcts
  4. Idiopathic
    (it can be 2* to anything that interferes with vascular invasion of cartilage. (infarct))
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15
Q

Lesions of Osteochondrosis?

A

Multifocal and Focal

  • Dyplasia = wedge shaped hyaline cartilage.
  • Mineral debris and Hemorrhage at epiphysis
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16
Q

Are lesions of Osteocondritis dessecans (OCD) focal or multifocal?

A

Non-Focal. Multifocal dysplasia only.

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17
Q

Path of Osteochondritis Dessecans?

A
  • Dysplasias at articular epiphyseal (AE) complex that form clefts in retained cartilage w/ subsequent fracture of overlying articular cartilage → cartilaginous or osteochondral flap
  • If flap fractures off and floats free in joint → “joint mouse” → can interfere w/ mvmt of joint
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18
Q

What is cervical verterbral myelopathy (CVM) also known as?

A

Wobbler syndrome

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19
Q

What is cervical verterbral myelopathy (CVM) secondary to?

A

Compression/ irritation of the spinal chord.

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20
Q

2 types of spinal chord compression?

A

Static or Dynamic (both lead to CVM)

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21
Q

What animals are affected by static compression?

A

Horses 1-4yrs = Cervical static stenosis.

Dogs = cervical spondylomyelopathies.

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22
Q

Where do horses get static compression? What does this cause?

A

C5-7. Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum

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23
Q

What animals get Dynamic compression?

A

Horses 8-18mo = cervical vertebral instability

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24
Q

Where do horses get Dynamic compression?

A

C3-5

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25
Q

With what is Dynamic compression associated?

A

Rapid growth. Genetic

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26
Q

what is another name for Hemivertebrae?

A

Butterfly vertebrae

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27
Q

Path of Hemivertebrae?

A

partial development of vertebrae –> compression of spinal chord.

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28
Q

In what spp. is Hemivertebrae desired?

A

Bulldogs, Pugs, Boston Terriers.

corkscrew tail

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29
Q

Etiology of Growth Arrest Lines?

A 
Viral (BVD, Canine distemper)  
Lead Toxicit (lead line)
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30
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis?

A

Imbalance between absorption and formation.

Increased resorption or decreased formation –> Atrophy.

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31
Q

Causes of Osteoporosis?

A
  1. Deficiency of Ca → deficient Ca for mineralization
  2. Malnutrition:
    - Deficiency of protein, vitamin C, Cu → reduced bone formation.
    - Lactational osteoporosis of young gilts → excess resorption.
  3. Disuse: Physical inactivity and senility → excess resorption and decreased bone formation → disuse atrophy
  4. Toxicity:
    - Vitamin A toxicosis → decreased osteoblastic activity –> decreased bone formation.
    - Adriamycin toxicity → depressed osteoblastic activity
    - Fluoride toxicity → abnormal osteocytes
  5. Hypercortisolism, prolonged steroid therapy
  6. post-menopausal women
  7. Sterility –> decreased activity, hormones and vit D metabolites.
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32
Q

3 Lesions of Osteoporosis?

A

Decreased bone mass + Increased bone spaces:

  • Cortical bone → decreased thickness, high porosity
  • Trabecular bone → decreased thickness with perforations
  • Medullary cavity → ENLARGED
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33
Q

Pathogenesis of Rickets (Rachitic Rosary)

A

Failure of calcification of osteoid and cartilaginous matrices → bones become soft and swollen.

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34
Q

Causes of Rickets?

A
  • Low vitamin D (most common) → Hypocalcemia –> deficient osteoid mineralization and 2* fibrous osteodystrophy
  • Also low Ca and P
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35
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteomalacia?

A
  • MATURE softening of bones after growth plate closure.

- Unmineralized osteoid resistant to osteoclastic activity –>accumulates in bones fractures

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36
Q

3 Causes of Osteomalacia?

A
  • Low Vit D → low Ca & P → high intestinal P absorption →lower Ca
  • Chronic Renal Dz → low calcitriol → altered vit D metabolism → decreased vit D activity → decreased Ca absorption → decreased response to PTH → 2ry hyperparathyroidism
  • Chronic Fluorosis
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37
Q

3 Lesions of Osteomalacia?

A
  • Soft bones → limb deformities
  • Accumulation of excess unmineralized osteoid and thin cortices
  • Fractures
38
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy is a form of _______.

A

Osteopenia

39
Q

Other names for Fibrous Osteodystrophy?

A 
Recklinghausen's Dz	
Renal Rickets	
Big Head	
Bran Dz	
Rubber jaw	
Osteogenesis imperfecta
40
Q

Pathogenesis of Fibrous Osteodystrophy?

A
  • Abnormal bone quality
  • Decrease in Ca2+ –> Excess resorption by osteoclasts –> replacement with fibrous connective tissue = secondary fibrosis.
41
Q

Causes of Fibrous Osteodystrophy (Osteopenia)?

A
  1. 2° Hyperparathyroidism (most common)
  2. Nutrional:
    - Ingestion of high Oxalate plants,
    - HIGH P diets
    - LOW Vit D3 diets
  3. Renal → failure to eliminate P-Drug Induced (Adriamycin)–> osteoblastic activity
42
Q

Pathogenesis of Vit A. Deficiency?

A

low A → abnormal intramembranous ossification w/ defective remodeling and reduced resorption of endosteal bone –> bone is laid down when resorption should be taking place

43
Q

3 lesions of Vit. A Deficiency?

A
  1. Small brain case
  2. Increased ICP
  3. Blindness (compression of optic canals)
44
Q

Pathogenesis of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)? Who gets it?

A

METAPHYSEAL osteopathy
-Excess Ca / Vit D or Vit C def. –>Bilateral, Symmetrical inflammation of growth plates in long bones (Physitis) –> spontaneous recovery.
Common in: Young, growing large/giant breed DOGS

45
Q

Pathogenesis of Hypertrophic (Pulmonary) Osteopathy (HOP/HPO)?

A

Not clear but…Incr. blood flow → Incr. arterial pressure & pulmonary lesions → periosteal growth in the dyaphyseal regions of the distal limbs –> Bilateral, symmetrical new bone formation
Megakaryocyte involvement?

46
Q

Causes of HOP/HPO

A
  • Rhabdomyosarcomas of Urinary Bladder → Dogs

- Ovarian Neoplasms → Horses

47
Q

CS of Acute Osteofluorosis?

A
  • GI signs

- CNS signs

48
Q

2 CS of Chronic Osteofluorosis?

A
  • Dental abnormalities

- Osteodystrophy

49
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteofluorosis?

A

F- BINDS Ca2+ → Ricket-like lesions
F- REPLACES hydroxl radical in Hydroxyapatite → abnormal osteoid
F- ACCUMULATES in periosteum –> thickened periosteum

50
Q

Pathogenesis of Vit. A Toxicity?

A

Cats!
Excess Vit. A from liver consumption –>:
1. –> Decreased chondrocyte proliferations –> DESTRUCTION OF GROWTH PLATES.
2. –>Decreased osteoblasts –> OSTEOPEROSIS
3. –> Stimulation of periosteal osteoblasts –> osteophytes–> Cervical SPONDYLOSIS from periarticular osteophytes.

51
Q

Excesses of which 2 vitamins cause an INCREASED activity of both Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts?

A

Vit. A & D

52
Q

Pathogenesis of Vit. D. Toxicosis?

A

Acute: Massive Vit. D exposure –> excessive intestinal Ca2+ absorption→ widespread mineralization.
Chronic: Persistant vit D exposure –>
1. Decreased PTH, increased Calcitonin –> stops bone resportion –> Osteosclerosis (hard/stiffening)
2. Direct stimulation of osteoblasts –> increased formation

53
Q

What affect does Calcitonin have on osteoclasts?

A

SUPPRESSES osteoclasts

54
Q

Pathogenesis of Lead Posioning?

A

DECREASED OSTEOCLASTS

→ decr. trabecular remodeling →retention of primary trabeculae (spicules)–> increased bone density.

55
Q

Histologic Lesion of Lead Posioning?

A
  • Acid-fast inclusion bodies in osteoclasts & renal epithelial cells
  • “Lead line”
  • Increased tissue Pb
56
Q

Lesions of Necrosis (Osteosis)?

A

Gross: soft, discolored bonesHisto: Empty lacunae with resorption occuring

57
Q

Sequelea of Osteosis?

A

Resportion → inflammation → Exostosis or scar

No resorption → Sequestrum and involucrum (collar of reactive bone around sequestrum)

58
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Dz refers to what?

A

ASEPTIC necrosis of the femoral head –> DJD

59
Q

Pathogenesis of Ischemic Necrosis

A

Decreased VENOUS outflow from bone –> increased BM pressure –> Empty lacunae

60
Q

3 Routes of Infection for Osteitis/Osteomyelitis?

A
  1. Hematogenous → omphalophlebitis (navel ill, joint ill), and swine spondylitis
  2. Local Extension
  3. Penetration
61
Q

Term for Destruction Inflammation of Bone?

A

Osteolytic

62
Q

Term for Productive Inflammation of Bone?

A

Sclerotic

63
Q

Causes of Osteitis/Osteomyelitis in order of prevalance?

A

BacT > mycotic > viral > parasitic

64
Q

Osteitis is inflammation of _______.

A

Bone

65
Q

Osteomyelitis is inflammation of _______ & _____ _______.

A

bone and medullary cavity

66
Q

Spondylitis is inflammation of the _____ ______.

A

Vertebral body

67
Q

3 List the causes of Suppurative Inflammation?

A

Brucella → Swine spondylitis
A. pyogens → vertebral abscesses
R. equi → foals

68
Q

2 Causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?

A
  1. A. bovis → lumpy jaw, mandibular osteomyelitis

2. Mycotic osteomyelitis

69
Q

3 Lesions of Osteomyelitis?

A
  1. Purulent exudate → medullary cavity
  2. Thrombosis/infarct
  3. Bone resorption
70
Q

Sequelae of Osteomyelitis?(8)

A
  • Exudate
  • Extension to adjacent bone
  • Hematogenous spread
  • Pathological FX
  • Sequestration
  • Fistulae
  • Vertebral osteomyelitis
  • Lysis of articular cartilage
71
Q

Most common primary neoplasm of bone in Dogs & Cats?

A

Osteosarcoma AKA Osteogenic sarcoma

72
Q

Where is the common site for Osteosarcoma to occur?

A

Metaphysis

73
Q

3 Classifications of Osteosarcoma & location affected?

A
  1. Simple → bone
  2. Compound → bone & cartilage
  3. Pleomorphic → anaplastic w/ only small islands of osteoid
74
Q

Classification of Osteosarcoma?

A
  • Cell type & activity
  • Radiographic appearance
  • Origin
75
Q

Lesions of Osteosarcoma?

A
  • Grey-white masses →
  • hemorrhage & necrosis
  • Reactive bone
  • Pleomorphism
  • Agressive w/ Pulmonary metastasis
76
Q

8 responses of Joints to injury?

A
  • Fibrillation
  • Eburnation
  • Joint mice
  • Osteophytosis
  • Villous hyperplasia of synovial membrane
  • Pannus
  • Capsular fibrosis
  • Ankylosis
77
Q

5 responses of Bone to Injury?

A
  • Disruption of endochondrial ossification
  • Bone modeling
  • Altered mass
  • Rapidily deposited bone
  • Injured periosteum
78
Q

What DZ is associated with pink teeth & disorganization of d

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

79
Q

Term for Chondrodysplasia in Suffolk/Hampshire lambs?

A

“Spider lamb”

80
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD/OD)?

A

DYSPLASIA @ AE complex → weak, retained cartilage → FX →cartilaginous or osteochondral flap

81
Q

Lesions of OCD?

A
  • Joint mouse/mice

- Interference w/ joint movement

82
Q

Sequelae of OCD?

A
  • DJD
  • Ulcercation/exopsure of subchondrial bone
  • Lameness
83
Q

Common locations of OCD (by animal)?

A
  • Dog → humeral head

- Horse → ant. aspect of intermediate ridge of distal tibia -Pigs → distal humerus

84
Q

What is the only form of Osteochondrosis that Cats get?

A

Epiphysiolysis

85
Q

Which animal can get Osteoporosis during lactation?

A

Gilts(young pigs)

86
Q

Osteoporosis is abnormal ______ of normal bone.

A

QUANTITY

87
Q

Rickets is due to abnormal ______ of bone.

A

QUALITY

88
Q

Dogs & Cats get Fibrous Osteodystrophy most commonly due to

A

Renal dz.

89
Q

Which 3 animals get Fibrous Osteodystrophy from improper nut

A
  • Horses
  • Reptiles
  • Captive primates
90
Q

Tell me about K9 Eosinophilic Panosteosteitis!

A
  • young Male GSD

Pathology II Master (15 decks)

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