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Pathology II Master > Muscle Pathology (LS) > Flashcards

Muscle Pathology (LS) Flashcards

1
Q

Myofiber responses to injury?

(6)

A
  • Regeneration
  • Necrosis
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Split
  • Fiber-Type Conversion
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2
Q

Histologic lesions of mm. necrosis?

(3)

A
  • nuclei disappear
  • hyalinized sarcoplasm→ eosinophilic, amorphous & homogenous
  • may seperate from adajenct viable myofiber
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3
Q

What features characterize a regenerating mm. fiber?

A
  • basophilia → increased RNA content
  • internal nuclei → rows
  • lack of striations
  • diameter → smaller than normal
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4
Q

Describe mm. fiber regeneration.

(3)

A
  • Satellite cells → myoblasts → myotubes → myofibers
  • Requires →intact endomysial framework
  • Success→ integrity of sarcolemma determines

(occurs w/in several days for most species)

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5
Q

What is Muscle Atrophy?

A

DECREASED size + HYPERtrophy =

INCREASED muscle fiber size

(NO NEW CELLS)

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6
Q

List the 2 Primary Neoplasms of Mm.

A
  • Rhabdomyoma
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
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7
Q

What occurs in “Compartment Syndrome”?

Who gets it?

A
  • mm ischemia
  • swelling in a nonexpandilble compartment
  • Poultry → Deep Pectoral Myopathy → vigorous wing flapping
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8
Q

List the 2 causes of Exertional Myopathies.

A
  • Capture myopathy
  • Exertional rhabdomyolysis
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9
Q

Give some other names for Extertional Rhabdomyolysis.

(6 total)

A
  • Exertional myopathy
  • Azoturia
  • Setfast
  • Black-water
  • Monday morning dz.
  • Tying up
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10
Q

Which bacT causes Myositis in LAs?

A

Clostridium spp.

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11
Q

Give an expamle of a Bacterial Myopathy seen in Equines.

A

Gas gangrene

AKA

Malignant edema

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12
Q

Give an example of Bacterial Myopathy seen in Cattle.

A

Blackleg

(C. chauvoei)

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13
Q

Which nematode can cause INTRAcellular Parasitic Myopathy in Pigs?

A

Trichinella spiralis

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14
Q

Which cestode larvea causes EXTRAcellular Parasitic Myopathy in food animals?

A

Cysticercus spp.

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15
Q

List the 3 Immune-Mediated mm. disorders.

Species seen in?

A
  • Acquired Myasthenia gravis → cat, dog
  • Masticatory Myositis→ dog
  • Purpura hemorrhagica → horse
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16
Q

4 Lesions of Arthrogryposis in cattle & sheep.

A
  • muscular HYPOplasia → decreased size
  • 1° lesions in brain/spinal cord
  • “crooked limbs”
  • rigid joints
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17
Q

Cause of Arthrogryposis in Sheep?

A

in utero toxicosis w/ Parabendazole in 1st trimester→ fetus/neonate→ CNS lesions→ denervation of skeletal mm.

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18
Q

What leads to Congenital Muscular Hyperplasia?

A

mutation of myostatin

INCREASED # of myofibers → double mm.

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19
Q

“Splayleg” or “Spraddle legged” in Pigs is the result of what?

A

Congenital Myofibrillar HYPOplasia

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20
Q

2 Lesions of Congenital Myofibrillar HYPOplasia (splayleg in pigs).

A
  • DECREASED # of myofibers
  • atrophic, flabby, pale, wet mm.’s.
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21
Q

Pathogensis of Muscular Dystrophy?

A

degenerative changes→ loss of mm. fibers→ failed attempts to regenerate → REPEATS → mm. replaced by fat & fibrous CT.

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22
Q

Muscular Dystrophy is RARELY seen in animals.

List the 3 exceptions (all inherited/still rare).

A
  • Merino sheep
    • stiff gait, neuromuscular weakness, exercise intolerance
  • K9 X-linked
    • dystrophin deficiency in MALE Golden Retrievers
  • Heritable Myopathy of Labs (HMLR)
    • “bunny hopping”, mm weakness, exercise intolerance, megaesophagus, etc.
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23
Q

Which animals get Myotonia (channelopathy)?

A
  • Horses → Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, Quarterhorses
  • Goats
  • Dog
  • Cat
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24
Q

What are the other names for Porcine Malignant Hypertermia?

(4)

A
  • Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)
  • Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) pork
  • “Herztod”
  • Black Mm. Necrosis
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25
Q

What inhalant anesthetic can trigger PSS?

A

Halothane

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26
Q

Pathogensis of PSS?

A
  • inherited defect in Ca2+ regulation→ uptake, storage & release
  • Hypermetabolic state
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27
Q

What causes Rigor Mortis?

Progression?

A
  • decreased Ca2+ ATPase pump activity (No O2) → sustained contractions
  • jaws →trunk →extremities
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28
Q

Pathogenesis of HYPP?

A
  • Defect in skeletal mm. Na+ channels
  • INCREASED INTRAcellular Na+
  • INCREASED EXTRAcellular K+
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29
Q

2 Causes of HYPP in horses?

A
  • Hereditary → Impressive bred AQH
  • Post-anesthetic recumbancy
30
Q

Lesion of HYPP?

A

Pale myofibers w/ vaculoar degeneration

31
Q

Steatosis (Lipomatosis) is responsible for ______ ______.

A

Excess marbling

32
Q

Pathogenesis of Steatosis.

A

Defective myofiber developement → myofibers replaced w/ fat → no alterations in gross mm.

(NOT clinically significant)

33
Q

What is the cause of Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  • Abnormal protein → progressive degeneration
  • Inherited
34
Q

Monofocal Monophasic Necrosis is due to?

A

Local trauma

35
Q

Monofocal Multiphasic Necrosis is due to?

A

Repeated local traumas

36
Q

Multifocal Monophasic Necrosis is due to?

A

One insult that causes lesions @ multiple sites

  • single exposure myoctoxins
  • metabolic disorders
37
Q

Multifocal Multiphasic Necrosis is due to?

A

Ongoing insult that causes lesions in multiple sites.

  • Nutritional deficiency
  • Muscular dystrophy
38
Q

Lesions of mm. Degeneration?

(3)

(Reversible if not necrotic)

A

Gross → PALLOR

  • Chalky-white calcification

Micro:

  • Zenker’s degeneration appearance→loss of striations
39
Q

4 common mechanisms of Muscle Necrosis?

A
  • ATP depletion→ hypoxia
  • Free radicals
  • Membrane damage
  • Mitochondrial damage due to Ca2+ influx
40
Q

Pathogenesis of White Muscle Dz?

A

Se/Vit E deficiency → decreased lipid peroxidation→
free radicals damage CM → Ca2+ influx → segmental necrosis

41
Q

Lesions of WMD?

A
  • Hyperesinophilia
  • loss of mm. striations
  • calcification
42
Q

3 Causes of Azoturia?

A
  • Se deficiency
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Forced exercise after rest & heavy feeding
43
Q

3 Clinical Signs of Azoturia?

A
  • Sudoresis → profuse sweating
  • Myoglobinuric Nephrosis → dark, black kidneys
  • Acidosis
44
Q

3 Lesions of Capture Myopathy?

(wild animals)

A
  • pronounced acidosis
  • bilaterally symetrical lesions
  • pale, swollen, edematous mm’s
45
Q

Which 2 species get HYPOKALEMIA?

A
  • Cattle
  • Cats
46
Q

Pathogenesis of HYPOKALEMIA?

A
  • Altered mitochondrial fxn → Ischemia → myofiber necrosis
  • abnormal cardiac conductance
47
Q

HYPOKALEMIA in Cats?

A
  • Hyperpolarization → 2° excess Na+ permeability
  • + Chronic interstitial nephritis
  • Neck ventriflexion
48
Q

3 Clincal Signs of HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA in Cattle?

TQ!!!!!

A
  • PROFOUND mm. weakness
  • Neuro signs
  • Hemolytic anemia
49
Q

4 CS of HYPERCORTISOLISM?

A
  • stiff pelvic gait
  • increased bulk & tone of proximal thigh mm’s
  • Cushingoid psuedomyotoni
  • denervation atrophy
50
Q

Pathogenesis of HYPERCORTISOLISM?

A

Increased cortisol → denervation atrophy w/ regeneration

(different than hypothyroidism)

51
Q

Pathogenesis of Blackleg?

A

Ingestion of C. chauvoei spores → injury to mm → endotoxin release

52
Q

4 Lesions of Blackleg?

A
  • Gas
  • Rancid odor
  • Serohemorrhagic exudate
  • Increased myositis
53
Q

Cause of Malignant Edema (Gas Gangrene) in horses, pigs & ruminants?

A

Introduction of Clostridium perfringens via puncture wound

54
Q

2 Lesions of Malignant Edema?

A
  • Affected areas are cold
  • Increased cellulitis
55
Q

Cause of Eosinophilic Myositis in Cattle?

Hallmark lesion?

A
  • Idiopathic Hypersensitivity to Sarcocystis infection
  • Green color to mm.
56
Q

Cause of Masticatory MM. Myositis in Dogs (GSD)?

Lesions?

A
  • Antibodies to Type IIC myofibers
  • a form of acute eosinophilic myositis
  • Swollen fibers infiltrated w/ eosinophils
57
Q

3 Lesions of Polymyositis in Dogs?

A
  • Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation → immune mediated
  • megaesophagus
  • Lymphocytes + plasma cell infiltration
58
Q

Cause of Purpura Hemorrhagica in Horses?

3 Lesions?

A
  • Immune complexes due to Strangles infections
  • Leukoclastic vasculitis
  • Petechiae
  • + glomerulonephritis
59
Q

Lesion of Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue) in Cattle?

A
  • lesions is hard granuloma of Bacilliosis

(no pus)

60
Q

Lesion of Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw) in Cattle?

A

Granulomas w/ caseous-suppurative centers

(pussy)

LOL!!!!

61
Q

Lesion of Rhabdomyoma?

A

Large, pedunculated mass

(originates in heart 66% of time)

62
Q

Lesions of Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A
  • Distant Metastasis
  • Poorly encapsulated, spherical nodules
  • Pink/grey tissue
63
Q

What is the name for “Grape-like” tumors found in urinary trigone of large breed dogs?

A

Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma

64
Q

Cause of Congenital Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Low # of ACh receptors

Lack of ACh receptors

65
Q

Cause of Acquired Myasthenia Gravis?

A

IgG to ACh receptors (auto-immune)

66
Q

3 Lesions of Acquired Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • 2° megaesophagus
  • 2° dysphagia
  • 2° thymoma
67
Q

TX Acquired Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Anticholinesterase drugs → Neostigmine

68
Q

Pathogenesis of Botulism toxicity?

Who’s most sensitive?

A
  • Endotoxins prevent ACh release → flaccid paralysis
  • Horses > Rumi’s
69
Q

2 Causes of Perosis of Birds?

A
  • displacement of “gastrocneumius”
  • Mn or Choline deficiency
70
Q

Lesion of Monensin (Ionophore)?

A
  • Pale, ill defined streaks in skeletal & cardiac mm.

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