Respiratory (EB) Flashcards
1
Q
3 routes of entry of respiratory dz etiological agents?
A
Aerogenous Hematogenous Direct extension
2
Q
How does the body defend against airborne agent (aerogenous) (4)
A
Sneeze/cough/reflex bronchoconstriction
Mucocillirary effect
Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue
Alveolar defense (pulmonary alveolar macrophages)
3
Q
What parts of the respiratory system are considered to be sterile
A
trachea, bronchi, lungs
4
Q
Why size particles are effectively trapped by the mucociliary clearance? What size particles are only about 5% trapped?
A
> 10 um trapped
1-2 um rarely trapped»_space; INFECTIOUS AGENTS
5
Q
Which bacteria are resistant to killing by macrophages? (3)
A
Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Lysteria sp.
6
Q
With what test can mycobacterium bovis in a cow lung be identified?
A
acid fast stain
7
Q
In what spp are pulmonary INTRAVASCULAR macrophages the defense against blood borne agents in the lungs?
A
Ruminants
Pig
Cat
Horse
8
Q
In what spp are hepatic macrophages and splenic macrophages the defense against blood borne agents in the lungs?
A
Dog
Rodent
(Human)
9
Q
How do viruses impair lung defense mechanisms? (2)
A
- Destruction of mucocilliary blanket
2. Impaired alveolar macrophage function
10
Q
How do bacteria impair lung defense mechanisms
A
some live and replicate within macrophages
11
Q
What toxins cause direct injury to the lung defense mechanisms (6)
A
Uremia Dehydration Endotoxemia Hypoxia Edema Anesthesia
12
Q
Pneumocystis carinii infection causes impairment of lung defense mechanisms in which spp? (4)
A
Rodents
Pigs
Arabian foals
Dogs
13
Q
What is inflammation of the nasal cavity?
A
rhinitis
14
Q
What characterizes rhinitis? What does this vary with?
A
characterized on the nature of exudate
Varies with causative agent
15
Q
Causes of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis? Other name?
A
bovine herpes virus
Also called red nose
16
Q
What type of cattle more commonly get infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the USA? What predisposes them for them to be fatal?
A
feedlot cattle
Secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by M. hemolytica is fatal
17
Q
Young calves with bovine herpes virus show what CS?
A
Generalized dz with: Resp distress Diarrhea In-coordination Death
18
Q
What respiratory clinical signs to feedlot cattle have of infectious bovine rhinotrachetitis?
A
coughing, nasal discharhe (serous to mucopurulent), inflamed/red nares, dyspnea
19
Q
What lesions are seen in the larynx, pharynx, and trachea with IBR?
A
ulcers and fibronecrotic membranes
20
Q
Type of exudate in the pharynx and trachea of cows with IBR?
A
Serous to serofibrinous. May be blood tinged
21
Q
What spp get nasal granuloma aka granulomatous rhinitis? (4)
A
Cattle
Horses
Dogs
Cats
22
Q
What are the possible etiological agents of nasal granuloma (broad) (3)
A
Mycotic
Blood fluke
Allergic
23
Q
Mycotic organisms that cause nasal granulomas and in which spp does each cause it?
A
Rhinosporidium seeberi - cattle, dog, horse, cat
Cryptococcus neoformans – cats
Aspergillus – dogs
Penicillium - dogs
24
Q
What happens if there is a large overgrowth of a nasal granuloma?
A
severe resp distress
25
Specific disease of the nasal cavity in sheep/goats (3)
Nasal Granuloma
Myasis
Endemic ethmoidal carcinoma
26
How does myasis cause nasal cavity sz in sheep/goats?
Larvae of estrus ovis (nasal bot) produce catarrhal to suppurative rhinitis
27
Etiology of equine viral rhinopneumonitis
Eequine herpes virus 4 and occasionally 1
28
Lesions of equine viral rhinopneumonitis?
Ulceration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium
| Intranuclear includsions in epithelial cells
29
Ddx of equine viral rhinopneumonitis?
equine influenza Equine viral arteritis
30
Big CS of equine viral rhinopneumonitis?
sometimes edematous swelling of pharyngeal lnn
31
Etiology of equine influenza
type A othromyxovirus
32
Lesions of equine influenza
not usually seen in nasal passages.
| Maybe interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary edema
33
Etiology of equine viral arteritis
arterivirus
34
Type of rhinitis caused by equine viral arteritis
*serous and muco purulent rhinitis*
35
Etiology of strangles
streptococcus equi equi
36
Lesions of strangles
suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitis (mandibular and parapharyngeal)
37
Type of nasal discharge seen in horses with strangles
*bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge*
38
Sequela can result from strangles? (4) *for some reason he cares about strangles*
1. Extension of infection to paranasal sinuses and guttural pouch and internal organs
2. Laryngeal hemiplegia
3. Facial paralysis and horners
4. Purpura hemorrhagica
39
Dz's of the nasal cavity in dogs?
Transitory rhinitis
Nasal granuloma
Linguatula serrata
Allergic rhinitis
40
Etiology of feline virus rhinotracheitis CARES ABOUT THIS DZ A LOT DURING REVIEW
feline herpesvirus-1
41
Feline viral rhinotracheitis also causes what conditions?
Ulcerative keratitis
Hepatic necrosis
Abortion Still birth
42
Bacterial contamination in feline viral rhinotracheitis produces?
suppurative rhinitis and conjunctivitis
43
CS of feline viral rhinotracheitis?
Severe rhinitis
| Conjunctivitis with oculonasal discharge
44
When and where can intranuclear inclusions be found in cats with FVR?
When: Early phase of disease
Where: Epithelium of upper resp passage
45
In addition to conjunctivitis and rhinitis, what other lesions are found in feline calicivirus?
ulcers of the tongue and hard palate
46
Primary lesions in feline calicivirus are transient, what complicates the lesions?
secondary bacteria
47
What is limping kitten syndrome?
an acute self-limiting arthritis cause by infection or vx with some FCV strains
48
What causes feline chlamydiosis? Lesions?
Chlamydyophilla felis
| Lesions: Mild conjunctivitis and serous to mcopurulent rhinitis
49
What are the causative agents of feline respiratory dz complex? CARED ABOUT THIS IN REVIEW(5)
```
FCV
FVR
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
FIP
```
50
Cause of inclusion body rhinitis in pigs
porcine cytomegalovirus (herpes virus)
51
What age of pigs are affected by inclusion body rhinitis? Lesions?
Up to 10 wks of age .
| Lesions: necrotizing and non suppurative
52
Etiology of atrophic rhinitis
combo of B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida
| OLDER PIGS
53
What causes the crusting of the skin below the medial canthus of the eye in atrophic rhinitis in pig?
obstruction of the nasal lacrimal duct
54
What is left of the turbinates in atrophic rhinitis?
a dense fibrous band
55
Nasal cavity neoplasms occur most frequently in? less in? rare in?
Most often in dogs
Less in cats and horses
Rare in other spp
56
Which is the most common nasal cavity neoplasia is SCC in what spp?
cats and horses
57
Are carcinomas or sarcomas of the nasal cavity more common?
carcinomas
58
In pigs, what specific dz causes swelling of the sinuses and distortion of the face?
atrophic rhinitis
59
Why would the exudate in the nasal passage be blood tinged? (4) (kinda general)
Tumors
Foreign body
Parasites
Fungal infections
60
What is bronchiectasis? What causes it?
Permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi from chronic bronchial obstruction and infection -> destruction of elastic and muscular components of airway walls
61
What does bronchiectasis predispose an animal to?
infection and compromised lung functions
62
2 types of bronchiectasis
Saccular
| Cylindrical
63
What is the cause of saccular bronchiectasis? What spp gets it?
```
Local obstruction (foreign body or tumor or granuloma)
Cattle, dogs, cats
```
64
What is the cause of cylindrical bronchiectasis? What spp gets it?
Sequel of chronic bronchopneumonia > usually parasitic bronchitis
Sheep, pigs, goats
65
Common causes of nerve damage leading to laryngeal paralysis aka roaring (5) TQ!?!?!?!
1. Mycosis of guttural pouch
2. Retropharyngeal abcess
3. Neoplasma of cervical lymph glands
4. Injury and inflammation in neck
5. Empyema of guttural pouch
66
What causes mycosis of the guttural pouch?
aspergillus fumigatus and other aspergillus sp
67
Mucosa of the guttural pouch in mycosis of the guttural pouch is covered with
Fibronecrotic exudate
| Located at caudodorsal aspect of the medial pouch
68
What causes empyema of the guttural pouch?
strangles
69
COPD lesions are of?
chronic bronchitis > from allergies!
70
In severe cases of COPD, what happens to horse lungs? TQ?!!
Incomplete obstruction with mucus of bronchioles and alveoli, causing alveolar emphysema
71
What is atelectasis?
empty alveoli that do not contain air
72
Causes of congenital atelectasis (2)
obstruction of airways Hyaline membrane dz
73
What spp get hyaline membrane dz?
foals and piglets
74
Causes of acquired atelectasis
Compressive (pneumothorax, bloat)
| Obstructive (exudate, parasites, neoplasms)
75
What does lung tissue in atelectasis look like?
dark red, flabby, depressed below the surface of surrounding lung
76
What is alveolar emphysema?
excessive air in the alveoli
77
Causes of alveolar emphysema (2)
Pressure of inhaled air
| Incompletely closed bronchioles
78
What do alveolar emphysema lesions look like?
raised, pale, or white, dry, easily compressed
79
What is interstitial emphysema?
air collects in the CT of lungs
80
Why is interstitial emphysema mostly seen in cattle?
Developed interlobular septa and lack of collateral ventilation in adjacent lobules
81
Main cause of interstitial emphysema TQ?!
Forced resp efforts like:
Violent efforts in anoxia
Quick loss of blood in trauma
Death after protracted illness
82
Pulmonary edema? Think:
Left sided heart failure. He was in love with this.*
83
Vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterioles is caused by
Hypoxia
Chronic bronchitis or
Bronchiolitis
84
What is acrute resp distress syndrome?
Sudden onset of congestion
85
What lung dz's cause secondary pulmonary hypertension?
Chronic interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis and occlusion of pulmonary vessels
86
What heart dz's cause secondary pulmonary hypertension?
LHF Septal defects
| Left to right shunt
87
What is inflammation of lungs
pneumonia, pneumonitis
88
The #1 cause of bronchopneumonia
stress!!!
89
What part of the lung is bronchopneumonia likely to go? How does it consolidate there?
Irregular consolidation of cranioventral region of lung
90
*TQ What possible factors restrict bronchopneumonia to the cranioventral part of the lung (4)
1. Shortness and abrupt branching on bronchus
2. gravitational sedimentation of the exudate
3. deposition of infectious agent in the 1st bronchus
4. regional differences in ventilation
91
What lobes are affected with bronchopneumonia causes by Actinobacillus pleuropnemonia and Actinobacillus suis?
middle and caudal lobes
92
In what spp is a patchy distribution throughout the lung also seen besides cranioventral consolidation in bronchopneumonia?
dogs and cats
93
What dz is mistaken easily from bronchopneumonia, because it causes a cranioventral pattern of BRONCHOINTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA?
bovine respiratory syncytial virus
94
Appearance if suppurative bronchopneumonia
*mosaic appearance* in the cranioventral lung
95
The predominant exudate in fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
more fibrinous than neutrophilic
96
What part of the lung in affected in fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
part of complete lobe
97
Pathogens involved in fibrinous bronchopneumonia TQ!!!! (5)
```
M. hemolytica
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides
Hemophillus somnus
P. multocida
Actinobacillus pneuropneumonia
```
98
Accumulation of fibrin in the interlobular septa in fibrinous pneumonia gives the lung a _ appearance
marbled
99
Why is death more frequent with fibrinous pneumonia?
pleuritis and pericarditis with fibinous adhesions
100
Is fibrinous or suppurative bronchopneumonia more likely to resolve?
suppuratve bronchopneumonia
101
Why is aspiration of vomitus in simple stoamach animals so dangerous?
edema development >> fulminating bronchopneumonia
102
Where is interstitial pneumonia confined to in the lung?
alveolar walls and alveolar interstitium
103
What can cause interstitial pneumonia?
Aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium
| Hematagenous injury to alveolar capillaries
104
How does acute interstitial pneumonia begin? What are the 2 phases?
Begin with injury to type I pneumocytes or alveolar capillary endothelium
Exudative then proliferative phase
105
What happens in the exudative phase of acute interstitial pneumonia
Exudation into the alveolar lumen Inflammatory edema and neutrophils accumulation in the alveolar insterstitium
106
What happens in the proliferative phase of actute insterstitial pneumonia?
Hyperplasia of pneumocytes II >> thickened alveolar walls
107
Hallmarks of chronic interstitial pneumonia TQ (5)
1, *Mononuclear inflammatory cells in the insterstitium*
2. Alveolar fibrosis
3. Hyperplastic type II pneumoncytes
4. Formation of microscopic granulomas
5. Hyperplasia of smooth mm in airways or pulmonary vasculature
108
Distribution of lesions in interstitial pneumonia?
Involves the *whole lung*
| May be more pronounced in dorsocaudal region
109
Important features of interstitial pneumonia? TQ(5)
lungs don't collapse when opening cavity
Rib impression
No visible exudate and meaty appearance
Heavy lungs that are elastic and rubbery
Red to pale gray
110
What is bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
lesions of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia
111
What are the main causes of bronchoinsterstitial pneumonia?
Viral infections
Respiratory syncytial virus
Canine distemper Influenza
112
2 causes of abscesses in the lung
Bronchopneumonia Medastitis septic emboli
113
Difference between abscesses from bronchopneumonia and metastatic septic emboli?
Bronchopneumona - large, in anterioventral lung
| Septic emboli - small, multiple, widely distributed
114
Sources of septic emboli TQ!!!(4)
1. Rupture of heptatic abscesses
2. Infected jugular catheter
3. Valvular
4. Other localized infections (foot rot, navel ill)
115
Fungal causative agents of granulomatous pneumonia (3)
1. Coccidioides immitis
2. Blastomyces dermatidis
3. Histoplasma capsulatum
116
Higher bacterial and viruses that cause granulomatous pneumonia (3)
1. Mycobacterium spp
2. Rhodococcus equui
3. FIP
117
What causes enzootic pneumonia of calves aka calf pneumonia
```
*variety of etiological agents*
Pastuerella,
H. somnus,
Actinomyces pyogenus,
mycoplasma
```
118
Lesions produces of enzootic pneumonia of calves
suppurative bronchopneumonia
119
What causes shipping fever?
Mannheimia hemolytica serotype 1
120
Where does Mannheimia hemolytica serotype 1 usually live?
nasopharynx of normal calves
121
Lesions of shipping fever
acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia
122
Cause of bovine pastuerellosis (hemorrhagic septicemia)
P. multocida serotype B and E
123
Lung lesions of bovine pasturellosis?
fribrinohemorrhagic insterstitial pneumonia
124
Cause of respiratory histophilus (H. somni) in cattle?
*mixed infection* H. somnus, M. hemolytica, mycoplasma
125
lesions of H. somni in cattle
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
126
Where can you NOT find contagious bovine pleuropneumonia?
eradicated from N. America
127
Cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mucoides subsp mycoides
128
Lesions of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
fibrinous bronchopneumonia (usually unilateral, caudal lobes)
129
Lesions caused by mycoplasma bovis?
suppurative bronchopneumonia
130
What does mycoplasma bovis cause?
enzootic pneumonia > young calves Chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis > feedlot cattle
131
lesions in the resp system caused by mycoplasma bovis
suppurative bronchopneumonia
132
Pathogenesis of acute bovine pulmonary edema (ABPE)
eating lush green grass high in *L-tryptophane*
133
Lesions of acute bovine pulmonary edema (ABPE)
diffuse interstitial pneumonia and edema
134
What causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis? Are lesions commonly seen? Where are lesions?
Bovine herpes virus – 1
Lesions are not commonly seen
Restricted to nasal cavity, larynx, trachea
135
Lesions of bovine respiratory syncytical virus?
fatal broncointerstitial pneumonia in calves
136
Gross changes of bovine parainfluenza virus - 3
mild, cranioventral or generalized lobular pattern
137
What diagnostic histopath changes does bovine parainfluenza virus - 3 make?
bronchiolar and alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages contain prominent eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions
138
Etiology of porcine enzootic pneumonia
Myoplasma hyopneumonia
139
When does porcine enzootic pneumonia become suppurative bronchopneumonia?
contaminated by P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica
140
Lesions of porcine enzootic pneumonia
bronchointerstitial pneumonia affecting cranial, middle, and cranioventral part of caudal lobes
141
Etiology of porcine pneumonic pasturellosis?
P. multocida serotype A and D
142
Gross lesions of porcine pneumonic pasturellosis?
suppurative bronchopneumonia
| Fibrinous pleuritic
143
Etiology of porcine pleuropneumonia? Age of pigs affects?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
| Younger pigs: 6w - 6m
144
Lesions of porcine pleuropnumonia
*fibrinous bronchopneumonia* in middle or caudal lung lobes
145
Etiology and lesions of Hemophilus pneumonia in pigs?
Haemophilus parasuis
| Suppurative bronchopneumoina
146
What bacteria cause suppurative bronchopneumonia in pigs? (3)
P. Multocide
E. coli
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
147
What bacteria cause fibrinous bronchopneumonia in pigs (2)
A. pleuropneumoniae
Strep. Suis
Lesions caused by swine pneumonia?
148
What does porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) predispose pigs to?
bacterial pneumonia and septicemia
149
lesions of PRRS
interstitial pneumonia causing dyspnea
| Generalized lymphadenopathy
150
Lesions in post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome? Who gets it?
interstitial pneumonia in post weaning pig
| Soft gray tan englarged lnn
151
A secondary infection of pneumocystis carinii is common in pigs with (2)
PRRS PMWS
152
Etiology and lesions of ovine shipping fever
M. hemolytica biotype A
| Fibrinous bronchopneumonia – like cattle
153
Etiology of chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep/goats
```
*multifactorial*
M. hemolytica,
P. multocida,
adenovirus,
PI3,
chlamydia,
mycoplasma
```
154
Lesions of chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep/goats
peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia, alveolar fibrosis
155
Etiology and lesions of septicemic pastuerllosis in sheep/goats
P. trehalosi
| Hemorrhagic infarcts in the lungs and everywhere
156
What causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (2)
Mycoplasma mycoides sp. Mycoides Mycoplasma mycoides sp. Capri
157
What lesions are typical of Mycoplasma capricolum sp. capripneumoniae
fibrinous pleuropneumonia
158
How is Maedi spread? How long does it take to show CS?
through colostrum, takes 2 years to show
159
The lesions of maedi are confined to
lungs and associated lnn
160
What are the pulmonary lesions of maedi (3)
severe interstitial pneumonia
Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in the lung
B cell hyperplasia in lnn
161
Lung lesions of caprine arthritis encephalitis
chronic interstitial pneumonia
162
What lesions does muellerius capillarious cause in sheep/goats?
nodules present Granulomatous rxn with abundant eosinophils
163
Etiology of rhodococciosis
Rhodococcus equi
164
When do foals die of R. equi?
2-4 months old, immunocompromised
165
Resp lesions in R. equi?
pyogranulomatous pneumonia in cranioventral lung
| Abscesses in lnn
166
Resp lesions of canine distemper?
*edema and diffuse interstitial pneumonia*
167
Resp lesions of canine adenovirus type 2 infection?
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
168
How is canine influenza diagnosis?
pulmonary and pleural hemorrhage only found in this influenza
169
Canine influenza may leave dogs susceptible to
bacterial pneumonia
170
When do dogs get bacterial pneumonia
when pulmonary defense is impaired
171
When are dogs likely to get blastomycosis? What lesions do they get
outdoor and hunting dogs
| Multifocal pyogranulomas and dessiminated hematogenously to other tissues from lung
172
Pulmonary lesions of coccidomycosis in dogs?
pyogranulomas
173
pulmonary lesions of histoplasmosis in dogs
variable sized firm granulomas, occasionally diffuse involvement of the lungs
174
TQ! Lesions of paraquat
necrosis of alveolar type I cells, injury to blood air barrier through *release of free radicals*
175
Lesions seen in paraquat?
acute interstitial pneumonia, edema, hemorrhage of lung
176
Lesions seen on uremic pneumonopathy
pulmonary edema, calcification of sm mm and alveolar walls in lung
177
Lesions of dirofilaria immitis?
chronic arteritis, pulmonary hypertension, CHF
178
Lesions of paragoniumus kellikoti
eosinophilic granulomas on pleural surfaces, cysts on pleura
179
When do cats get feline pneumonitis?
infected with Chlaydophila felis, but DOES NOT CAUSE primary PULMONARY INFECTION
180
When do cats get Cryptococcus? What lesions?
Stress
| Granulomatous lesions in many tissues
181
Lesions of lipid pneumonia
multiple yellowish white nodules
182
What spp get endogenous lipid pneumonia? How can you ddx between aspiration lipid pneumonia?
Infrequently dogs and cats
| Aspiration lipid pneumonia has extracellular globules
183
Lesions of Aleurostrongylus abstructus in cats?
Catarrheal inflammation
| Pyothorax is usual sequal
184
CS of capillaria aerophila
chronic tracheitis and bronchitis
185
How cat foals and food producing animals get fetal pneumonia (3). What lesions are seen in each? TQ!!
Contaminated meconium -
Diffusely distributed bronchopneumonia
Organisms through amniotic fluids - suppurative bronchopneumonia
Reach lungs through blood - *interstitial pneumonia*
186
What organisms infect fetuses through the blood? Why do they cause interstitial pneumonia? TQ?
listeria, salmonella, chlamydia, and a bunch of viruses
| They reach the lung intermittently not all at once
187
Primary tumors of the lungs originate from?
epithelium
188
Paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs
Hypercalcemia
Endocrinopathies
Osteoarthropathy
189
What tumors of animals like to metastasize to the lungs TQ?!(3)
1. Hemangiosarcoma
2. Fibrosarcoma
3. Osteosarcoma
190
pulmonary adenomatosis arises from what cells? Who gets it and why?
pneumocyte II and clara cells (alveoli and bronchioles)
| ADULT sheep from a retrovirus
191
Why should sheep with pulmonary adenomatosis be kept from other sheeps?
respiratory exudates are infectious
192
lesions of pulmonary adenomatosis
they look gland-like
193
When do dogs get pleural calcification?
chronic uremia Vit D toxicity
194
Lesions seen in pleural calcification
linear white streaks in parietal pleura
195
Why do dz's cause exudative pleural effusion?
alter the permability of the blood vessels
196
What causes pleuritis? Lesions?
Secondary to pneumonia
| Serous then becomes fibrinous or purulent
197
What dz's case pyogranulomatous pleuritis?
nocardia Actinomyces FIP
198
What is the only neoplasm of pleura?
pleural mesothelioma
