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RUSVM Pathology I > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

White Muscle Disease is caused by

A

Vitamine E / Se deficiency

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2
Q

Pathogenesis of Malignant Hyperthermia

A
  • Inherited defect in skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor
  • Excessive Ca release and contraction when stimulated
  • Heat production and myocyte necrosis
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3
Q

Disease

A

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

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4
Q

Disease

A

White Muscle Disease

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5
Q

Causes of monophasic lesions of skeletal muscle

A

Trauma - will be focal

Exertion - Capture myopathy

Toxin - ionophores, plants

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6
Q

MDx

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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7
Q

Myocytes increase in size by

A

Addition of Myofilaments

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8
Q

MDx

A

Diffuse eosinophilic myositis

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9
Q

Disease

A

Splay Leg

Swimmer Syndrome

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10
Q

T/F: Atrophy can be the result of another pathological process affecting the muscle

A

True

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11
Q

MDx

A

Polyphasic myocyte degeneration and necrosis with dystrophic calcification

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12
Q

What types of causes incite this pattern of degeneration and necrosis?

A

Polyphasic lesion causes:

Nutritional deficiency - Vitamin E/Se

Ongoing toxicities

Genetic defects in myocyte structure/metabolic elements

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of Botulism

A
  • Decaying organic matter
  • Clostridium botulinum thrives and elaborates into environment
  • Ingested
  • Toxin inhibits Ach release from nerve terminals at neuromuscular junction
  • Progressive generalized paralysis with death by cardiorespiratory failure
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14
Q

Disease

A

Compartment Syndrome

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15
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

X linked inhereted myopathy reported in dogs and cats (especially goldens)

Defects in dystrophin gene - cytoskeleton protein

No treatment

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16
Q

Pathological process that accounts for this appearance?

A

Degeneration / Necrosis

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17
Q

Lesions caused by White Muscle Disease are seen in (Active/Inactive) Muscle

A

Active

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18
Q

MDx

A

Focal Muscle Degeneration and Necrosis

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19
Q

Disease

A

Black Leg

Clostridium chauvoie infection

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20
Q

Why is it important to use special stains when diagnosising sarcomas?

A

To differentiate between sarcomas - each type behaves differently

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21
Q

MDx

A

Atrophy

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22
Q

Describe morphological problem

A

Muscle is pale, swollen and dry to the touch

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23
Q

MDx

(Rear leg of dog)

A

Hemangiosarcoma

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24
Q

MDx

A

Myocyte Hypoplasia

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25
Q

Pathogenesis of Infarction

A
  • Recumbancy
  • Increased intramuscular pressure
  • Poor perfusion
  • Ischemia
  • Infarction
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26
Q

Possible cause of eosinophilic myostis in a dog

A

Masticatory Myositis

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27
Q

Pathogenesis of Black Leg (Clostridium chauvoei infection)

A
  • Ingestion of spores
  • Dissemination to muscle via blood
  • Latency
  • Tissue hypoxia/acidosis
  • Bacterial proliferation
  • Production of exotoxins
  • Myonecrosis and systemic endothelial damage
  • Death from septicemic shock
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28
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Necrosis/lysis of skeletal muscle

Ionic events of contraction can produce adverse environment

May have underlying metabolic condition which predispose - polysaccharide storage disease

29
Q

MDx

A

Intramuscular hemorrhage

30
Q

What typically causes this pattern of necrosis?

A

Acute Toxicity

Exertion

31
Q

Cause

A

Damage to the Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

32
Q

T/F: Cuase of muscle injury can be determined by histopathology alone

A

False; supplemental tests and clinical history are usually required

33
Q

Cause

A

Trauma - penetrating wounds, fractures

34
Q

What do myofibers do when they are hurt?

A

Die

Regenerate

35
Q

MDx

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

36
Q

Morphological Diagnosis?

A

Muscle Infarct

37
Q

Describe the lesion

A

Fibrosis and fiatty infiltration (steatosis) of skeletal muscle

38
Q

Causes of myocyte hyperplasia

A

Double Muscling

Inactivation of the regulatory gene myostatin - involved in myoblast cell progression to muscle fibers

39
Q

MDx

A

Acute necrotic and hemorrhagic myositis

40
Q

Disease

A

White Muscle Disease

41
Q

Azoturia

A

Excess nitrogen in urine

42
Q

MDx

(Rear leg of dog)

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

43
Q

Causes of myositis

A

Necrotic / hemorhhagic = Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum

Suppurative - Pyogenic bacteria

Lymphocytic - Immune- Mediated

Eosinophilic - Active protozoal / parasitic infections, immune mediated

Granulomatous

44
Q

“Biochemical” pathological processes resulting in severe muscular clinical signs

A

Neuromuscular Junction Disorders

Electrolyte Disorders

Inherited disorders of Muscle Metabolism - Myotonias

45
Q

What cell type do neoplasms with striaged muscle differentiation (rhabdomyoma/sarcoma) derive from?

A
46
Q

Gross morphological diagnosis?

A

Skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis

Rhabdomyolysis

47
Q

Fibrosis and fatty infiltration (steatosis) often develops in what chronic skeletal muscle condition

A

Atrophy

48
Q

Causes of myocyte hypertrophy

A

Exercise conditioning

Compensatory - decreased number/size of functional myocytes, increased load on remaining

49
Q

Describe the lesion

A

Muscles are dark red, swollen, soft/friable/ palpable crepitus

50
Q

MDx

A

Focal Suppurative myositis

51
Q

Pathogenesis of Compartment Syndrome

A
  • Rapid muscle growth
  • Period of increased circulation (exertional)
  • Muscle swelling confined by facia
  • Impedes blood supply
  • Ischemia
  • Infarction
52
Q

What pattern of necrosis is this?

A

Monophasic

53
Q

MDx

A

Chronic eosinophilic myositis and muscle atrophy

54
Q

What pathological process could account for this appearance?

A

Degeneration and Necrosis

Inflammation and Repair

Circulatory Disorder

55
Q

Disease

A

Splay Leg

Swimmer Syndrome

56
Q

Causes of skeletal muscle atrophy

A

Physiologic - disuse/aging

Cachexia/ Malnutrition

Endocrine disease - myocytes have surface receptors for hormones

Denervation - myocyte maintencance requires trophic factors generated at neuromuscular junction - occurs quickly

57
Q

Histological characteristics of myofiber regeneration

A

Internalization of nuclei

Macrophage infiltrate

58
Q

Histologic characteristics of myofibers that die

A

Vaculation of sarcoplasm

Condensation of sarcoplasm

Nuclear pyknosis

Calcification

59
Q

MDx

A

Focal monophasic myonecrosis

60
Q

Disease

A

Laryngeal Paralysis

61
Q

Pathogenesis of Polyphasic Skeletal Muscle Degneration caused by nutritional deficiency

A
  • Vitamine E/Se Deficiency
  • Needed for enzymes like glutathione peroxidase / reductase
  • Lack of ability to scavange free radicals
  • Oxidative damage - lipoperoxidation of cell membranes
  • Myocyte injury
62
Q

What is morphologically abnormal?

A

Decreased striations

Necrosis

Hypnotic nuclei

Neutrophil infiltration

63
Q

What 3 Pigments and tissue deposits are observed in skeletal muscle?

A

Lipofuscin

Exogenous Pigments

Dystrophic Calcification

64
Q

MDx

A

Polyphasic monocyte degeneration and necrosis, chronic, with hypertrophy, atrophy and fibrosis

65
Q

Capture Myopathy

A

Zoo and Wild Birds

Due to exertion, stress during capture/handling/transport

Anaerobic glycolysis leads to hyperthermia and metabolic acidosis

66
Q

Endogenous Pigments seen in skeletal muscle

A

Hematogenous Pigments (Hemoglobin, Hemosiderin, Bilirubing, Porphyria)

Melanin

Lipofuscin

67
Q

Type of skeletal muscle lesion

A

Monophasic Lesion

68
Q

Pathological process to account for this appearance?

A

Disorders of Growth

69
Q

T/F: Malignant hyperthermia is an example of a metabolic condition predisposing to necrosis

A

True

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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