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RUSVM Pathology I > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Condition

A

Mammary tumor

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2
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors

A

Arise from cells of mesodermal origin

_______________________

Benign = -oma

Malignant = -sarcoma

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3
Q

Experimentally Induced (Nude Mice)

A

Able to accept grafting: no rejection

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4
Q

Example of what characteristic of malignant tumors

A

Metastasis

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5
Q

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

Due to the production of calcemic humoral substances by neoplastic cells from extra osseous neoplasms

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6
Q

Is this an example of a benign or malignant tumor?

A

Benign

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7
Q

(Macro/Micro) Environmental Cause

A

Macro- Environmental cause

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8
Q

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Cachexia

Hypercalcemia

Hypoglycemia

Thrombotic disease

Peripheral neuropathy

Nodular dermatofibrosis

Hypertrophic osteroarthropathy

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9
Q

Differentiation / Anaplasia

A

The extent to which parenchymal cells resemble the correspondent normal parenchymal cells

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10
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Cancer cachexia

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11
Q

TNM System

A

System of staging

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12
Q

Classification of tumor

A

Mixed Tumor

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13
Q

Major immune defence mechanism against tumors

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)

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14
Q

Benign Epithelial Tumors

A

Papilloma → exophytic growth from and epithelial surface → benign epithelial tumor that projects from a mucosal surface

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15
Q

(Malignant/Benign) tumors are infiltrative and invade and destroy the surrounding tissues

A

Malignant

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16
Q

Neoplasia

A

Process of tumor formation

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17
Q

(Macro/Micro) Environmental Cause

A

Micro-Environmental

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18
Q

Example of benign or malignant tumor

A

Benign

_________________________

Will cause clinical signs depending on location!!!

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19
Q

Stroma

A

Connective tissue and blood vessels that support the neoplastic cells

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20
Q

Halmark of malignancy

A

Metastasis

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21
Q

Condition

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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22
Q

Cancer Cachexia

A

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia and anemia

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23
Q

Benign tumors are (un/well) differentiated

A

Well Differentiated

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24
Q

T/F: In general, the growth rate of tumors correlates with their level of differentiation.

A

True

__________________

Most malignant tumors grow more rapidly than do benign lesions

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25
Condition
Meningioma
26
Metastases
Tumor implants discontinuous with the primary tumor
27
Characteristics of successful subclones
High proliferative rate Evades the host immune response Can stimulate developement of independent blood supply Independent of exogenous growth factors Can spread to distant sites
28
Tumor Associated Antigens
Expressed on neoplastic cells, but may be expressed on normal cells also
29
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Indirect and usually remote effects caused by tumor cell products rather than the primary tumor and its metastases
30
Condition
Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
31
T/F: Anaplasia represent reverse differentiation of normal cells
False They arise from less differentiated stem cell - like cells
32
Teratomas
Arise from totipotent germ cells. Contain all embryonic cell layers and consist of a bizarre mixture of adult and embryonic tissue types
33
Malignant Epithelial Tumors
Carcinoma \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Carcinoma in situ
34
Malignant neoplasms are (un/well) differentiated
Can be well differentiated or undifferentiated
35
Oncology
Study of tumors or neoplasms
36
Neoplasm
"New Growth" - composed of cells originally derived from normal tissues that ahve undergone heritable genetic changes that allows them to become relatively unresponsive to normal growth controls and expand beyond their normal anatomic boundary
37
Condition
Hypertrophic Osteopathy \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Marie's Disease
38
(Macro/Micro) Environmental Cause
Macro-Environmental
39
Neoplasms present alteration is what that allows genomically instable cells to replicate
Apoptotic Pathway
40
What should you take into account when differentiating between benign and malignant tumors?
Differentiation / anaplasia Rate of growth Local invasion Presence of absence of metastasis
41
Changes in cell physiology that together determine malignant phenotypes
Self sufficiency in growth signals Insensitvity to growth inhibitory signals Evasion of apoptosis Defects in DNA repair Limitless replicative potential Sustained angiogenesis Ability to invade and metastasize Abilty to escape immunity and rejection
42
Main mechanisms that regulate tissue growth
Rate of cell proliferation Rate of programmed cell death
43
Etiologies of tumors
Maco-environmental (extrinsic) causes Micro-environmental (intrinsic) causes
44
Condition
Nephroblastoma
45
M in TNM system
Blood-borne metastases M0 = no blood borne metastases M1 or M2 indicates the presence of blood borne metastases and some judgement as to their number
46
Clinical signs of hypercalcemia
Muscle weakness Cardiac arrhythmia Anorexia Vomiting Renal Failure Polyruia/Polydipsia
47
Mixed Tumors
Multiple cell types derived from a single or multiple germ cell layers - pluripotential or totipotential cell
48
Four classes of normal regulatory genes are the main target of genetic damage and play a significant role in carcinogenesis
Growth promoting proto-oncogenes Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis) Genes involved in DNA repair
49
Metaplasia
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type of the same germ cell line
50
90% of mammary tumors in cats are (benign/malignant)
Malignant
51
Effects of tumors on the host
Local and hormonal effect Paraneoplastic syndromes
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interactions play an important role in carcinogenesis.
**Tumor-Stromal** interactions play an important role in carcinogenesis.
53
Condition
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
54
Why are paraneoplastic syndromes important?
May represent the earliest manifestation of an occult neoplasm Affected patients may represent significant clinical problems and may even be lethal
55
Anaplasia is characterized by
Pleomorphism Abnormal nuclear morphology High mitotic rate Loss of polarity - disorganization
56
Types of tumor antigens
Tumor specific Tumor associated
57
Example of benign or malignant tumor?
Malignant
58
Condition
Squamous cell carcinoma
59
Condition
Nodular Dermatofibrosis
60
Most common epigenetic changes
DNA methylation Histone modification
61
Classification of tumor
Mixed Tumor \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Teratoma
62
p53 Gene
Growth inhibiting turmor suppressor gene - guards the genome
63
Two basic components of a neoplasm
Parenchyma Stroma
64
N in the TNM system
Regional lymph node involvement N0 = No LN involvement N1 to N3 would denote increase number and range of nodes
65
Why are immune surveillance mechanisms not as effective as they should be?
Tumor cells have the capability to develop mechanisms to evade the immune system of the immunocompetent host
66
Desmoplasia
Formation and development of collagen-rich fibrous connective tissue stroma
67
Epigenetic Changes
Heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells resulting from something other than a change in the DNA sequence
68
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Hypercalcemia
69
Genetic alterations that contribute to cancer development include
Inheritable changes Somatic changes
70
Condition
Thyroid adenoma
71
Tumors are classified as
Mesenchymal tumors Epithelial tumors Undifferentiated tumors Mixed tumors
72
Most frequently observed paraneoplastic syndrome in dogs?
Hypercalcemia
73
Pathways of spread of malignant tumors
Transcoelomic spread Lymphatic spread Heatogenous spread
74
Staging of Tumors
Based on the size of the primary tumor, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of hematogenous metastases
75
Cells involved in immune-surveillance against tumors
CTL NK B Lymphocyte Macrophage
76
Grading Tumors
Semi-quantitative evaluation of the degree of differentiation of the tumor. Cancers are classified from I to IV with increasing anaplasia
77
Example of what pre-neoplastic change
Metaplasia
78
From a clinical point of view is staging or grading more useful
Staging
79
DDX of hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism Renal Failure Hypoadrenocorticism Hypervitaminosis D
80
Tumor heterogeneity occurs due to
Tumor growth - progressive accumulation of heritable changes in tumor cells
81
Example of a benign or malignant tumor?
Benign
82
T in the TNM System
Primary tumor, with increasing size T1 to T4 T0 = in situ lesion
83
Advantages to use of immunohistochemistry in tumor diagnosis
Categorization of undifferentiated malignant tumors Categorization of leukemias/lymphomas Determination of site of origin of metastatic tumors Determination of moleculesthat ahve prognostic or therapeutic significance
84
Immunohistochemistry
Availability of monoclonal antibodies has greatly facilitated the identification of cell products or surface markers
85
Metaplasia is usually and adaptive response to
Chronic irritation
86
Phenotypes of Cancer
DNA mutations Epigenetic changes Chromosomal alterations
87
Epithelial metaplasia is commonly to what type of epithelium
Squamous epithelium
88
Metastatic Cascade
* Loss of cadherin and catenin function * Integrin and other receptors bind to ECM components * Degradation of BM and ECM components occurs by increased protease activity * Migration - cytoskeleton alterations together with alteration in ECM adhesion structures - stimulated by autocrine growth factors
89
Epithelial Tumors
Primarily arise from cells of endodermal and ectodermal origin
90
What lies at the heart of carcinogenesis
Non-lethal genetic damage
91
Pre-neoplastic changes that can lead to neoplastic cells
Metaplasia Dysplasia
92
T/F: Histologic appearance always correlates with biologic behavior
False

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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