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RUSVM Pathology I > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Condition

A

Mammary tumor

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2
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors

A

Arise from cells of mesodermal origin

_______________________

Benign = -oma

Malignant = -sarcoma

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3
Q

Experimentally Induced (Nude Mice)

A

Able to accept grafting: no rejection

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4
Q

Example of what characteristic of malignant tumors

A

Metastasis

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5
Q

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

Due to the production of calcemic humoral substances by neoplastic cells from extra osseous neoplasms

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6
Q

Is this an example of a benign or malignant tumor?

A

Benign

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7
Q

(Macro/Micro) Environmental Cause

A

Macro- Environmental cause

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8
Q

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Cachexia

Hypercalcemia

Hypoglycemia

Thrombotic disease

Peripheral neuropathy

Nodular dermatofibrosis

Hypertrophic osteroarthropathy

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9
Q

Differentiation / Anaplasia

A

The extent to which parenchymal cells resemble the correspondent normal parenchymal cells

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10
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Cancer cachexia

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11
Q

TNM System

A

System of staging

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12
Q

Classification of tumor

A

Mixed Tumor

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13
Q

Major immune defence mechanism against tumors

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)

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14
Q

Benign Epithelial Tumors

A

Papilloma → exophytic growth from and epithelial surface → benign epithelial tumor that projects from a mucosal surface

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15
Q

(Malignant/Benign) tumors are infiltrative and invade and destroy the surrounding tissues

A

Malignant

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16
Q

Neoplasia

A

Process of tumor formation

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17
Q

(Macro/Micro) Environmental Cause

A

Micro-Environmental

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18
Q

Example of benign or malignant tumor

A

Benign

_________________________

Will cause clinical signs depending on location!!!

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19
Q

Stroma

A

Connective tissue and blood vessels that support the neoplastic cells

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20
Q

Halmark of malignancy

A

Metastasis

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21
Q

Condition

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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22
Q

Cancer Cachexia

A

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia and anemia

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23
Q

Benign tumors are (un/well) differentiated

A

Well Differentiated

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24
Q

T/F: In general, the growth rate of tumors correlates with their level of differentiation.

A

True

__________________

Most malignant tumors grow more rapidly than do benign lesions

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25
Q

Condition

A

Meningioma

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26
Q

Metastases

A

Tumor implants discontinuous with the primary tumor

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27
Q

Characteristics of successful subclones

A

High proliferative rate

Evades the host immune response

Can stimulate developement of independent blood supply

Independent of exogenous growth factors

Can spread to distant sites

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28
Q

Tumor Associated Antigens

A

Expressed on neoplastic cells, but may be expressed on normal cells also

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29
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Indirect and usually remote effects caused by tumor cell products rather than the primary tumor and its metastases

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30
Q

Condition

A

Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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31
Q

T/F: Anaplasia represent reverse differentiation of normal cells

A

False

They arise from less differentiated stem cell - like cells

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32
Q

Teratomas

A

Arise from totipotent germ cells. Contain all embryonic cell layers and consist of a bizarre mixture of adult and embryonic tissue types

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33
Q

Malignant Epithelial Tumors

A

Carcinoma

___________________

Carcinoma in situ

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34
Q

Malignant neoplasms are (un/well) differentiated

A

Can be well differentiated or undifferentiated

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35
Q

Oncology

A

Study of tumors or neoplasms

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36
Q

Neoplasm

A

“New Growth” - composed of cells originally derived from normal tissues that ahve undergone heritable genetic changes that allows them to become relatively unresponsive to normal growth controls and expand beyond their normal anatomic boundary

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37
Q

Condition

A

Hypertrophic Osteopathy

__________________________________

Marie’s Disease

38
Q

(Macro/Micro) Environmental Cause

A

Macro-Environmental

39
Q

Neoplasms present alteration is what that allows genomically instable cells to replicate

A

Apoptotic Pathway

40
Q

What should you take into account when differentiating between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Differentiation / anaplasia

Rate of growth

Local invasion

Presence of absence of metastasis

41
Q

Changes in cell physiology that together determine malignant phenotypes

A

Self sufficiency in growth signals

Insensitvity to growth inhibitory signals

Evasion of apoptosis

Defects in DNA repair

Limitless replicative potential

Sustained angiogenesis

Ability to invade and metastasize

Abilty to escape immunity and rejection

42
Q

Main mechanisms that regulate tissue growth

A

Rate of cell proliferation

Rate of programmed cell death

43
Q

Etiologies of tumors

A

Maco-environmental (extrinsic) causes

Micro-environmental (intrinsic) causes

44
Q

Condition

A

Nephroblastoma

45
Q

M in TNM system

A

Blood-borne metastases

M0 = no blood borne metastases

M1 or M2 indicates the presence of blood borne metastases and some judgement as to their number

46
Q

Clinical signs of hypercalcemia

A

Muscle weakness

Cardiac arrhythmia

Anorexia

Vomiting

Renal Failure

Polyruia/Polydipsia

47
Q

Mixed Tumors

A

Multiple cell types derived from a single or multiple germ cell layers - pluripotential or totipotential cell

48
Q

Four classes of normal regulatory genes are the main target of genetic damage and play a significant role in carcinogenesis

A

Growth promoting proto-oncogenes

Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes

Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Genes involved in DNA repair

49
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type of the same germ cell line

50
Q

90% of mammary tumors in cats are (benign/malignant)

A

Malignant

51
Q

Effects of tumors on the host

A

Local and hormonal effect

Paraneoplastic syndromes

52
Q

___________ interactions play an important role in carcinogenesis.

A

Tumor-Stromal interactions play an important role in carcinogenesis.

53
Q

Condition

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

54
Q

Why are paraneoplastic syndromes important?

A

May represent the earliest manifestation of an occult neoplasm

Affected patients may represent significant clinical problems and may even be lethal

55
Q

Anaplasia is characterized by

A

Pleomorphism

Abnormal nuclear morphology

High mitotic rate

Loss of polarity - disorganization

56
Q

Types of tumor antigens

A

Tumor specific

Tumor associated

57
Q

Example of benign or malignant tumor?

A

Malignant

58
Q

Condition

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

59
Q

Condition

A

Nodular Dermatofibrosis

60
Q

Most common epigenetic changes

A

DNA methylation

Histone modification

61
Q

Classification of tumor

A

Mixed Tumor

_____________________

Teratoma

62
Q

p53 Gene

A

Growth inhibiting turmor suppressor gene - guards the genome

63
Q

Two basic components of a neoplasm

A

Parenchyma

Stroma

64
Q

N in the TNM system

A

Regional lymph node involvement

N0 = No LN involvement

N1 to N3 would denote increase number and range of nodes

65
Q

Why are immune surveillance mechanisms not as effective as they should be?

A

Tumor cells have the capability to develop mechanisms to evade the immune system of the immunocompetent host

66
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Formation and development of collagen-rich fibrous connective tissue stroma

67
Q

Epigenetic Changes

A

Heritable changes in gene expression in somatic cells resulting from something other than a change in the DNA sequence

68
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Hypercalcemia

69
Q

Genetic alterations that contribute to cancer development include

A

Inheritable changes

Somatic changes

70
Q

Condition

A

Thyroid adenoma

71
Q

Tumors are classified as

A

Mesenchymal tumors

Epithelial tumors

Undifferentiated tumors

Mixed tumors

72
Q

Most frequently observed paraneoplastic syndrome in dogs?

A

Hypercalcemia

73
Q

Pathways of spread of malignant tumors

A

Transcoelomic spread

Lymphatic spread

Heatogenous spread

74
Q

Staging of Tumors

A

Based on the size of the primary tumor, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of hematogenous metastases

75
Q

Cells involved in immune-surveillance against tumors

A

CTL

NK

B Lymphocyte

Macrophage

76
Q

Grading Tumors

A

Semi-quantitative evaluation of the degree of differentiation of the tumor. Cancers are classified from I to IV with increasing anaplasia

77
Q

Example of what pre-neoplastic change

A

Metaplasia

78
Q

From a clinical point of view is staging or grading more useful

A

Staging

79
Q

DDX of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Renal Failure

Hypoadrenocorticism

Hypervitaminosis D

80
Q

Tumor heterogeneity occurs due to

A

Tumor growth - progressive accumulation of heritable changes in tumor cells

81
Q

Example of a benign or malignant tumor?

A

Benign

82
Q

T in the TNM System

A

Primary tumor, with increasing size T1 to T4

T0 = in situ lesion

83
Q

Advantages to use of immunohistochemistry in tumor diagnosis

A

Categorization of undifferentiated malignant tumors

Categorization of leukemias/lymphomas

Determination of site of origin of metastatic tumors

Determination of moleculesthat ahve prognostic or therapeutic significance

84
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

Availability of monoclonal antibodies has greatly facilitated the identification of cell products or surface markers

85
Q

Metaplasia is usually and adaptive response to

A

Chronic irritation

86
Q

Phenotypes of Cancer

A

DNA mutations

Epigenetic changes

Chromosomal alterations

87
Q

Epithelial metaplasia is commonly to what type of epithelium

A

Squamous epithelium

88
Q

Metastatic Cascade

A
  • Loss of cadherin and catenin function
  • Integrin and other receptors bind to ECM components
  • Degradation of BM and ECM components occurs by increased protease activity
  • Migration - cytoskeleton alterations together with alteration in ECM adhesion structures - stimulated by autocrine growth factors
89
Q

Epithelial Tumors

A

Primarily arise from cells of endodermal and ectodermal origin

90
Q

What lies at the heart of carcinogenesis

A

Non-lethal genetic damage

91
Q

Pre-neoplastic changes that can lead to neoplastic cells

A

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

92
Q

T/F: Histologic appearance always correlates with biologic behavior

A

False

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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