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RUSVM Pathology I > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular involvement of chronic inflammation

A

Proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessels resulting in hemorrhage and congestion

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2
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Mucopurulent - Catarrhal

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3
Q

Nuclei of multinucleated giant cells are sometime arranged in what type of pattern

A

Horseshoe Pattern - Langhan’s Giant Cells

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4
Q

Inflammatory cells of peracute inflammation

A

Not usually numerous

Few leukocytes

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5
Q

Suppuration

A

Process by which puss is formed. Use of the term implies that neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present, and that necrosis of host tissue cells has occured.

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6
Q

Mediators of margination event of extravasation

A

Selectins

Cytokines/chemokines

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7
Q

Moderate Inflammation

A

Some tissue damage

Inflammatory cells evident

Moderate edema and evidence of hemorrhage

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8
Q

Classify extent of inflammation

A

Severe

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9
Q

Cells that respond to chemotactic stimuli

A

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Lymphocytes -lesser extent

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10
Q

Macrophages/Monocytes

A

Derived from circulating blood monocyte of bone marrow origin

May originate from immature resident mononuclear phagocytes in the tissue

Do not have reserve pool in bone marrow

Remain in circulation up to 72 hours

Require activation to become competent macrophages

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11
Q

Describe the gross appearance of serous exudate

A

Yellow, straw-like color, fluid commonly see in very early stages of many kinds of inflammatory responses

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12
Q

Time of onset of chronic inflammation

A

variable

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13
Q

Gross patterns of chronic inflammation

A

Diffuse thickening of affected area

Solid, firm, nodular lesions that compress adjacent tissue

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14
Q

Transudate or Exudate

A

Transudate

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15
Q

Suppurative Exudation

A

Consisting of or containing pus, associated with the formation of pus

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16
Q

Inflammatory cells of subacute infection

A

Mixed or pleocellular inflammatory infiltrate

Primarily neutrophilic but also has infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells.

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17
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Suppurative Exudation

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18
Q

Two subdivisions of inflammatory cells

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Mononuclear cells

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19
Q

Clinical signs of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Gingivitis

Tooth Loss

Ulcers in oral and enteric mucosa

Cutaneous ulcers

Pneumonia

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20
Q

Classification of inflammation by duration

A

Subacute Inflammation

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21
Q

What happens to neutrophils after phagocytosis

A

Undergo apoptotic cell death and are ingested by macrophages

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22
Q

Outcomes of inflammation

A

Ideally - Return to normal

Intense inflammatory response - attempt to separate injured tissue

Faiure to eliminate insult - sequel

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23
Q

Inflammation ends when what happens?

A

The stimulus is eliminated

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24
Q

Fibrin is composed of

A

Thread-like eosinophilic meshwork that sometimes forms masses of solid amorphous material

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25
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

Modulate hypersensitivity reactions

Defend against helminthic infections

Phagocytic but less active phagocytes than neutrophils

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26
Q

Lymphatic involvement in subacute inflammation

A

Increased lymphatic drainage

Repaire of endothelial cells

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27
Q

Condition

A

Greasy Pig Diease

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28
Q

Chronic inflamation in various organs arise in what three ways

A

Following acute inflammation

Repeated bouts of acute inflammation

Insidiously as a low grade smouldering response

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29
Q

Neutrophils mediate tissue injury by

A

Release of oxygen free radicals and lysosomal enzymes

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30
Q

Locally extensive inflammation

A

Involves a considerable zone of tissue within an inflamed organ

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31
Q

Functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

Modulation of inflammatory and repair processes

Regulation of immune response

Production of Interleukin 1

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32
Q

Exudation

A

Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitium or body cavities. - Alteration of the normal permeability of local blood vessels

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33
Q

Peracute Inflammation

A

Caused by potent stimulus

Animal has no time to respond

Less common than acute disease

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34
Q

Acute Inflammation begins in what time

A

4-6 hours

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35
Q

Severe Inflammation

A

Substantial tissiue damage

Inflammatory cells abundant

Massive edema and hemorrhage seen

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36
Q

Lymphatic involvement in acute inflammation

A

Role in moving away exudate.

Transportation of the exudate can lead to acute regional lymphadenitis

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37
Q

Neutrophils are characterized by

A

High motility due to rapid amoeboid movement

Response to a wide variety of chemotaxtic compounds

Phagocytic and bactericidal activities - major cellular defense against bacteria

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38
Q

What type of organisms are stained pink?

What type of stain is used?

A

Fungal Organisms

PAS Stain

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39
Q

Type of inflammatory cell

A

Multinucleated Giant Cell

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40
Q

What is the purpose of an intense inflammatory response?

A

Attempt to isolate inflammatory process, formation of a wall

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41
Q

3 interconnected processes of phagocytosis

A

Recognition and attachment of the particle to be ingested

Engulfment with subsequent formation of phagocytic vacuole

Killing or degradation of the ingested material

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42
Q

Classification of inflammation based on duration

A

Chronic Inflammation

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43
Q

Roles of inflammation

A

Dilute, contain and isolate injury

Destroy invading microoranisms and/or inactivate toxins

Achieve healing and repair

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44
Q

Vascular involvment of subacute infection

A

Decline in the magnitude of vascular changes, compared to acute inflammation

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45
Q

Vascular changes that occur during acute inflammation

A

Increased vascular flow and caliber of blood vessels

Increased vascular permeability

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46
Q

Mild Inflammation

A

Absent to minimal tissue damage

Few inflammatory cells

Slight vascular involvement

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47
Q

Four outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Complete Resolution

Healing by scarring

Abscess formation

Progression to chronic inflammation

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48
Q

Pyogranulomatous Inflammation

A

Significant number of neutrophils present in the center of a granulomatous reaction

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49
Q

Azurophil Granules

A

Primary granules - large, oval and electron dense found within the neutrophil cytoplasm

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50
Q

Transudate or Exudate

A

Exudate

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51
Q

Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

A

Eosinophils are attracted to sites of helminths invasion in sensitized hosts by chemotactic factors elaborated predominantly as a result of the immune response to products of the parasite

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52
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels

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53
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Fibrinous Exudate

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54
Q

Morphology of Macrophages

A

15-20um - larger than neutrophils

Prominent central nuclei - folded or bean shaped

In tissues are larger and have variable number of azurophilic granules and remnants of ingested material

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55
Q

Possible stimuli for acute inflammation

A

Infectious agents

Traugma

Necrotic tissue/cells

Immune reactions

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56
Q

“Cerebroid” appearance of affected intestine is characteristic of what type of inflammation

A

Granulomatous inflammation

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57
Q

Subacute inflammation

A

Gradual change between acute and chronic - used when the inflammatory response does not include reparative responses

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58
Q

Edema

A

Denote an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate

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59
Q

Time of peracute inflammation

A

0-4 hours

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60
Q

Resolution of inflammation involves

A

Neutralization of chemical mediators

Return of normal vascular permeability

Cessation of leukocyte infiltration

Removal of edema fluid, leukocytes, foreign agents and necrotic debris

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61
Q

Vascular involvement of Acute inflammation

A

Active hyperemia

Edema

Occassional fibrin thrombi within vessels

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62
Q

Chemical mediators of acute inflammation

A

Vasoactive amines

Plasma proteases

Lipid mediators

Platelet activating factor

Cytokines

Chemokines

Nitric oxide

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63
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Involves the accumulation of white blood cells at the site of injury followed by the release of enzymes by neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate injurous agents

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64
Q

Eosinophils

A

Abundant at sites of inflammation in diseases of immunologic, parasitic, or allergic origin

Unique functions as effector cells for killing helminths and thier propensity for both causing and assisting in the regulation of tissue damage in hypersensitivity

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65
Q

Complex Granuloma

A

Granuloma with a central area of necrosis

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66
Q

Type of WBC

A

Neutrophil

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67
Q

Mechanism of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Neutrophilia with impaired transmigration because neutrophils are unable to adhere

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68
Q

Condition

A

Lymphangitis

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69
Q

Example of:

A

Fribropruluent exudate

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70
Q

Type of inflammation

A

Necrotizing Inflammation

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71
Q

Fibrinopurulent Exudate

A

Term used to classify an inflammatory process in which neutrophils and fibrin are abundant

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72
Q

Type of WBC

A

Eosinophil

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73
Q

Mediators of transmigration event of extravasation

A

P-CAM (CD31)

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74
Q

Mucopurulent - Catarrhal

A

Inflammatory exudate is composed of mucus and pus

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75
Q

Sequelae of chronic inflammation

A

Destruction of stimuli → resolution of inflammation → repair of tissue

Persitence of stimuli → progression of inflammatory reaction → continuation of disease

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76
Q

Type of inflammation

A

Hemorrhagic Inflammation

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77
Q

Neutrophils

A

Crucial to inflammatory process

Constitute the first line of cellular defense

Develop in the bone marrow and the maturation process takes about two weeks

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78
Q

Condition

A

Lymphadenitis

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79
Q

What is the difference between the presence of a fibrinous exudate and fibrosis

A

Presence of a fibrinous exudate involves an acute process, fibrosis is a chronic process

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80
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A

Specific type of chronic inflammation characterized by accumulation of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells) and initiated by a variety of infectious and noninfectious agents

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81
Q

Etiologic Diagnosis

A

Mycotic Airsacculitis

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82
Q

Suppurative lesions are often of what origin

A

Bacterial

83
Q

Serous Exudation

A

Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues in the absence of a prominent cellular response. May be a dominant pattern of exudation for a wide variety of mild injuries

84
Q

Clinical signs of acute inflammation

A

Signs associated with vascular changes

Warm

Red

Swollen

Pain

Loss of function

85
Q

Eosinophils are effective in killing helminth parasites by

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Medated Cytotoxicity

86
Q

Inflammation leads to accumulation of fluid (plasma proteins) and WBCs in

A

Extravascular tissues

87
Q

Example of what outcome of acute inflammation

A

Abscess formation

88
Q

Simple Granuloma

A

Organized accumulation of macrophages and epitheliod cells, often rimmed by lymphocytes

89
Q

Granuloma

A

Small, 0.5-2mm, organized collections of modified macrophages (epithelioid macrophages), usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. Another feature is the presence of Langhans giant or foreign body-type cells and presence of fibrous connective tissue

90
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

A

Consists of closely related cells of bone marrow origin, including blood monocytes and tissue macrophages

91
Q

Inflammation is closely associated with the process of

A

Repair

92
Q

Purpose of neutrophils

A

Eliminate microorganisms, tumor cells and foreign material

93
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Disease due to leukocyte adhesion failure, due to type I mutation in Beta-1 integrins CD18

94
Q

Exudate from an absess consits of what type of inflammatory cells

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

95
Q

Mediators of Activation and Adhesion event of extravasation

A

Integrins

Chemokines

96
Q

Morphology of lymphocytes

A

Heterogeneous in size and morphology - smaller than neutrophils

Densely staining nucleus and scant amount of cytoplasm

Traditional division (T and B cells)

Functional division (Helper T, Cytotoxic T Cells)

97
Q

Classification of inflammation by distribution

A

Focal

Multifocal

Locally extensive

Diffuse

98
Q

Termination of acute inflammatory response occurs when

A

Degradation of mediators of inflammation

Stop signals are produced when stimulus is gone

99
Q

Monocytes become macrophages after what occurs

A

Monocyte migration into tissues

100
Q

Type of WBC

A

Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

101
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Focal inflammation

102
Q

Histologic hallmarks of chornic inflammation

A

Infiltration of mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphoctyes, plasma cells)

Proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels

Increased connective tissue

Tissue destruction

103
Q

Contents of serous exudation

A

Outpouring of fluid relatively rick in protein, and derived from blood and locally injured cells

104
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Process where white blood cells emigrate in tissues towards the site of injury

105
Q

Time of onset of subacute inflammation

A

Depends on the nature of the inciting stimulus, may cover a considerable time span which can vary from a few days to a few weeks

106
Q

Pathogenesis of fibrinous exudation

A

Severe injury to endothelium and basement membrane results in leakage of plasma proteins which polymerize perivascularly as fibrin

107
Q

Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

A

Involved in immune reactions

Key cellular mediators are immediate antibody response and the delayed cellular hypersensitivity response

108
Q

Major basic protein

A

Strongly toxic to parasites as well as other kinds of cells found in the granules of eosinophils

109
Q

Sources of the multinucleated giant cells

A

Macrophages

110
Q

Example of what outcome of acute inflammation?

A

Abscess formation

111
Q

Abscess

A

Circumscribed collection of pus - localized form of suppurative inflammation

112
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

113
Q

Onset of action of granulomatous inflammation

A

Always chronic

114
Q

Describe the morphology of neutrophils

A

10-12um

Multilobed nucleus

Cytoplasmic granules

115
Q

Pus

A

Inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes and parenchymal cell debris

116
Q

Classification of inflammation based on duration

A

Chronic inflammation

117
Q

Fibrinous Exudation contains

A

Fibrin

118
Q

Cells involved in granulomatous inflammation

A

Epitheloid cells

Multinucleated giant cells

Lymphocytes

119
Q

Two classes of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules

A

Azurophil granules

Specific granules

120
Q

Describe the histiologic appearance of granulomas

A

Macrophages clustered in a characterisitc ellipitcal formation around the causative etiologic agent or around a central necrotic area, or simply organized nodules

Large cells with abundant cytoplasm - “Epithelioid cells” “Multinucleated Giant Cells”

121
Q

T/F: Fibrosis and neovascularization are features of subacute infection

A

False

122
Q

Time of onset of fibrinous inflammation

A

Acute process, can form in seconds

123
Q

Necrotizing Inflammation

A

Necrosis is the main feature and exudation is minimal. The process is interpreted as inflammatory if infectious etiology is suspected

124
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Fibrinous exudation

125
Q

Diffuse Inflammation

A

Variations in severity may occur, but the eniter tissue is involved

126
Q

Example of what outcome of acute inflammation

A

Healing by the formation of scar tissue

127
Q

Origin of chronic inflammation

A

Follow an acute inflammatory phase

May develop as insidious, low-grade, subclinical process without history of a prior acute episode

128
Q

Eosinophilic Cationic Protein

A

Contributes to parasite killing and also shortens coagulation time and alters fibrinolysis

129
Q

Eosinophilic granules

A

Small granules

Primary granules

Large specific granules

130
Q

Etiology

A

Mycobacterium avium sp

131
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Fibrinous Exudation

132
Q

Neutrophils are capable of killing microorganisms by

A

Producing oxygen free radicals

Hydrogen peroxide

Lysosomal Enzymes

133
Q

Lesion

A

Pleural Adhesions

134
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Diffuse Inflammation

135
Q

Infectious canine hepatitis is an example of what type of inflammation (classified by duration)

A

Peracute Inflammation

136
Q

Gross appearance of fibrinous inflammation

A

Yellow-white or pale tan, stringy, shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surfaces. Casts of material may form in lumen of tubular organ

137
Q

Functions of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

Secretion of proinflammatory substances

138
Q

Transudate

A

Essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium, has a low protein content and low specific gravity (less than 1.020)

139
Q

Role of T lymphocytes in granulomatous inflammatory reactions

A

Produce lymphokines and interferon

Attract and activate macrophages

Induce formation of multinucleated giant cells

140
Q

Epithelioid Cell

A

Large, pale staining macrophages that have an ovoid nucleus and shape resembling epithelial cells

141
Q

Effect of inflammation

A

Pus

142
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Suppurative Inflammation

143
Q

Mechanism of extravasation during acute inflammation

A

Margination - tethering

Rolling

Activation and Adhesion

Transmigration

144
Q

Condition

A

Subacute stomatitis

145
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

146
Q

Possible origins of locally extensive inflammation

A

Local reactions that spread to adjacent normal tissue

Coalescence of foci in a multifocal reaction

147
Q

Inflammation

A

Reaction of vascularized living tissues to injury

148
Q

Tissues damaged by inflammation are replaced with

A

Regenerated native parenchymal cells

Fibrous tissue

149
Q

Condition

A

Johne’s Disease

150
Q

Lymphatic involvement in chronic inflammation

A

Variable

151
Q

Epithelioid cells are specialized for

A

Extracellular secretion

152
Q

Epithelioid cells are commonly found where in the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Vacuoles

153
Q

Morphology of eosinophils

A

Larger than neutrophils

Affinity of cytoplasmic granules to eosin (acid)

Lysosomal granules contain wide variety of catalytic enzymes similar to neutrophils

154
Q

Vascular involvement of peracute inflammation

A

Hyperemia

Slight edema

Hemorrhage

155
Q

Common types of exudate

A

Suppurative

Fibrinous

Serous

156
Q

Epithelioid cells have (more/less) phagocytic activity than non-specialized macrophages

A

less

157
Q

Signals for macrophage activation

A

Lymphokines

Bacterial endotoxins

Contact with fibronectin-coated surfaces

Variety of chemicals

158
Q

Multifocal Inflammation

A

Arising from or pertaining to many foci, each focus of inflammation is separated from other by an intervening zone of relatively normal tissue

159
Q

Extravasation

A

Delivery of white blood cells to the site of injury

160
Q

Diffuse inflammation is often related to what etiology

A

Viral or toxic

161
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophls and Mast Cells

162
Q

Etiology of granulomatous inflammation

A

Non-digestible organism or particle which serves as a chronic inflammatory stimulus, delayed type hypersensitivity is often required

163
Q

Simple classification of inflammation includes

A

Exudate

Duration

164
Q

Describe the gross appearance of an abscess

A

yellow-white to gray white and varies from watery to viscous depending on fluid content

165
Q

Effect of Inflammation

A

Edema

166
Q

Neutrophils regulate inflammatory response by

A

Releasing chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and platelet activating factor

167
Q

Hemorrhagic Inflammation

A

Hemorrhage is the main feature of this type of inflammation. Presence of an etiologic agent will indicate that the process is inflammatory rather than a primary circulatory disturbance

168
Q

Lesion

A

Hepatic granulomatous

169
Q

Chemotaxis occurs right after

A

Extravasation

170
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Result of a persistent inflammatory stimulus in which the host has failed to completely eliminate the causative agent

Inflammatory response accompanied by immune response

Evidence of host tissue response - repair

171
Q

Mediators of rolling event of extravasation

A

Selectins

Integrins

172
Q

Histologic appearance of what

A

Fibrinous pneumonia

173
Q

Events of acute inflammation

A

Stimuli for onset of acute inflammation

Vascular changes

Cellular events

Termination of acute inflammatory response

174
Q

Fusion of epithelioid cells to form multinucleated giant cells is induced by

A

Cytokines

175
Q

Clinical signs of peracute inflammation

A

Shock, sudden death

176
Q

Granulomatous Infection

A

Inflammatory response characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells with the predominant cell being the macrophage

177
Q

Clinical signs of chronic inflammation

A

Chronicity is primarily a clinical concept pertaining to prolonged duration of an inflammatory lesion

178
Q

Exudate

A

Inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, cellular debris and high specific gravity (above 1.020)

179
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Type of inflammation resulting from injurious persistant stimuli that leads to a predominantly proliferative, rather than exudative, reaction

180
Q

Inflammatory cells in acute inflammation

A

Leukocyte infiltration is variable

Neutrophils usually predominate

Mononuclear cells can also be present

181
Q

Inflammatory cells of chronic inflammation

A

Primarily mononuclear inflammatory cells

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Plasma cells

Fibroblasts

182
Q

Leukocytes

A

Normal inhabitants of the circulating blood

Total count of leukocytes in circulating blood modified by systemic response to inflammation

Each cell type has distinctive role

Each cell type enters into the inflammatory response in a definite sequence

183
Q

Lesion

A

Multifocal granulomas

184
Q

Heterophils

A

Eosinophilc granules of rabbit, guinea pig, rat, reptile, fish and bird neutrophils

185
Q

Multinucleated Giant Cells

A

Formed by the coalescence of single macrophages

186
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

Monocytes and macrophages

Platelets

187
Q

Host involvement of chronic inflammation

A

Parenchymal regeneration or repair by fibrosis

188
Q

Halmark of chronic inflammation

A

Fibrosis

189
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Locally Extensive Inflammation

190
Q

Procces and classification of inflammation based on duration

A

Neutrophil “Paving”

Acute Inflammation

191
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Involves changes in vascular bed, blood and connective tissue

Intended to eliminate irritant and repair damaged tissue

192
Q

Repair begins during inflammation and it is completed when

A

Injurious stimuli have been neutralized

193
Q

Effects of inflammatory stimuli are manifested through

A

Chemical mediators

194
Q

Sluggish motile but are responsive to chemotactic influences, they have a long life span (30-60days) and may proliferate at sites of inflammation

A

Macrophages

195
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Multifocal inflammation

196
Q

Inflammation is initiated by

A

Exogenous and endogenous stimuli

197
Q

Macrophage activation occurs in response to

A

External stimuli that must be presented in an orderly sequence

198
Q

Specific granules

A

Seconday granules - small, less dense and more numerous neutrophil granules

199
Q

Lesion

A

Fibrinous peritonitis

200
Q

Focal Inflammation

A

Single abnormality or inflamed are within a tissue

201
Q

Major scavengers in the inflammatory response

A

Macrophages

202
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

203
Q

Vascular changes during acute inflammation play a major role in

A

Maximizing movement of cells and plasma proteins from within circulation to site of injury

204
Q

Stop signals for acute inflammatory response include

A

Switch from pro-inflammatory leukotrienes to anti-inflammatory lipoxins from arachidonic acid

Liberation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF=beta from macrophages and other cells

Neural impulses resluting in inhibition of TNF production in macrophages

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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