Bone Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
Malignant Neoplasms of Joints
A
Arise from the synovial membrane
Uncommon in dogs and very rare in other species
3
Q
Pannus formation is a possible sequel of
A
Chronic joint injury
4
Q
Lordosis
A
Ventral deviation of the vertebral column
5
Q
Etiology of osteoporosis
A
Nutritional
Aging
Disuse
6
Q
Amelia
A
Absence of limbs
7
Q
Degree of osteonecrosis is influenced by
A
Influenced by size and extent of necrosis and extent and strength of collateral circulation and local repair mechanism
8
Q
Causes of angular limb deformities
A
Malposition in utero
Joint laxity
Hypothyroidism
Trauma
Malnutrition
Impaired endochondral ossification
9
Q
Valgus deformity
A
Lateral deviation of one or more limbs distal to the affected growth plate or joint
10
Q
Syndactylia
A
Fusion of digits
11
Q
Most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve
A
synovial joints
12
Q
Primary Degenerative Joint Disease
A
No apparent predisposing cause - generally observed in older animals
13
Q
Pathologic Bone Fracture
A
Abnormal bone broken by minimal trauma or normal weight bearing
14
Q
Traumatic Bone Fracture
A
Normal bone broken by excessive force
15
Q
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
A
Dietary deficiency of Ca, excess dietary P or deficiency of Vitamin D
Typically a result of decreased Ca or increased P in the diet and affects young growing animals
16
Q
Osteodystrophies - Metabolic Bone Diseases
A
Result from disturbed bone growth, modeling or remodeling due to either nutritional or hormonal imbalance
17
Q
Osteodystrophy due to Hypervitaminosis A
A
Cats that consume high quantities of bovine livers
Cause deforming cervical spondylosis
Affected cats develop osteophyte formation around the joints of the cervical vertebrae, should and elbow
18
Q
Metabolic Bone Disease is characterized by
A
Failure of production of bone matrix, its mineralization or its maintenance
19
Q
Chondroplasia - Chondrodysplasia fetalis
A
Disproprotionate dwarfism
Breed associated, usually hereditary conditions.
Membranous appositional growth is normal but interstitial growth of cartilage is abnormal resulting in premature closure of growth plates and decreas length of long bones
20
Q
Intramembranous Ossification
A
Bone formation that occurs within “membranes” of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue
____________________________
Flat bones of the skull
21
Q
Microscopic appearance fo osteonecrosis
A
Cell death with loss of osteocytes from their lacunae
22
Q
Cervico-vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy - “Wobbler’s Syndrome”
A
Localized skeletal dysplasia
Classified as a degenerative joint disease which affects the axial skeleton
Results in dynamic or static compression of the cervcial spinal cord by abnormal cervical vertebrae
23
Q
Secondary Degenerative Joint Disease
A
Associated with an underlying abnormality in the join or its supporting structures which leads to premature degeneration of the articular cartilage
24
Q
Micromelia
A
Abnormally small or short limbs
25
Angular Limb Deformities
Common in young animals and specially important in horses
Origin can be traced to asymptomatic lesion in an active growth plate
Characterized by twisting of the bone
26
Osteomalacia
Grown (adult) animal disease
Failure in the mineralization of osteoid primarily due to vitamin D or P deficiency
Unmineralized osteoid is resistant to osteoclast resorption and accumulates in the bone
Affected animals may exhibit bone pain, pathologic fractures and deformities
Collapse of articular surface may occur
27
End-Stage Joint
Describe a joint with severe chronic injury
Affected joints exhibit variable degrees of damage to the articular cartilage, deformation, osteophyte, and pannus formation, capsular fibrosis, synovial villous hypertrophy/hyperplasia and occasional ankylosis
28
Rickets
Affecting young growing animals
Defective calcification of osteoid and defective endochondral ossification
Multifactoral etiology typically involves vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency
29
Outcome of osteonecrosis
Complete resorption and replacement of necrotic bone may occur
Formation of sequestrum
30
(Primary/Secondary) bone tumors are more common
Primary
31
Osteomyelitis
Common in young farm animals as result of bacteremia or septicemia
Omphalophlebitis is common source in neonates
Can be localized
32
Predilection site of Osteosarcoma
Close to the knee and way from the elbow
33
Types of malignant neoplasms of joints
Synovial Cell Sarcoma
Histocytic Sarcoma
34
Lesions of "Elbow Dysplasia Syndrome" in young dogs
Ununited anconeal process
Fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna
35
Fibrous Osteodystrophy
Common metabolic bone disease
Characterized by extensive bone resportion and replacement by fibrous connective tissue and poorly mineralized immature bone
Result of persistent elevations of plasma PTH levels - hyperparathyroidism
36
Osteodystrophy caused by fluoride toxicosis
Occurs in herbiovores - cattle and sheep
Affects the normal metabolism of bone and teeth primarily in growing animals
Ameloblasts and odontoblasts are markedly sensitive to excess fluoride and the result are soft dark brown discolored teeth that wear down easily
Bones exhibit periosteal hyperostosis
37
Two types of bone based on degree of maturity
Woven bone
Lamellar bone
38
Involucrum
Layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone formed as a result of attempts to wall of a sequestrum
39
Synovial Cell Sarcoma
Malignant tumors arising from the synovial fibrocyte origin
40
Histiocytic Sarcoma
Malignant tumors arising from cells of histocytic phenotype, possible dendritic cells present in synovium
41
Ringbone
Degenerative disease in horses affecting the inter-phalangeal joints
Common in horses used in rodeo events or Polo
Result of abrupt stops, turns and twists
42
Etiology of metabolic bone disease
Nutritional
Hormonal
Disuse
Toxicity
43
Pathogenesis of osteodystrophy due to lead poisoning
1. Lead interferes with osteoclastic activity
2. Subtle bone lesions
3. Increase bone density (osteosclerosis) in the metaphysis
4. Lead Line
44
Scoliosis
Lateral deviation of the vertebral column
45
Lamellar Bone
Mature bone. Collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel pattern
46
Cellular elements of bone
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Lining cells - inactive osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
47
Primary Bone Neoplasms
Osteoma
Ossifying fibroma
Osteosarcoma
Chondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Multilobular tumor of bone
48
Bone
Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells embedded within a gel - like substance that becomes mineralized
49
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Unusually associated with functional parathyroid adenomas in dogs
Affected animals exhibit marked hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
50
Caprine Arthritis - Encephalitis (CAE)
Slowly progressive disease of goats caused by a retrovirus.
Virus produces a respiratory and neurologic syndrome.
Joint lesions are characterized hy a lymphocytic hyperplastic synovitis with the formation of carpal hygromas
51
Joint
Formed when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic or cartilaginous tissues or by a combination of these tissues
52
Avulsed Bone Fracture
Caused by the pull of a ligament/ muscle tendon at its insertion into bone
53
Osteochondritis DIssecans (OCD)
Specific form of osteochondrosis characterized by the separation of a piece of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone
54
Gross lesions associated with Rickets
Irregular thickening of growth plates with tongues of uncalcified cartilage extending into the metaphysis
Widening of growth plates - weigh bearing long bones may become bowed
Hemorrhages beneth the articular cartilage or in growth plates
Pathological fractures
Ribs bend rather than snap - necropsy
55
Varus deformity
Medial deviation of one or more limbs distal to the affected growth plate or joint
56
Kyphoscoliosis
Dorso-lateral deviation of the vertebral column
57
During fetal life, bone formation occurs in what two ways
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
58
Hemimelia
Absence of the distal half of the limb
59
Phocomelia
Absence of the proximal portion of the limbs
60
Microfracture - Infraction
Fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone
61
Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Complex etiology but P retention due to loss of glomerular function and inadequate synthesis of calcitriol by the kidney play major role
Renal Osteodystropy occurs commonly in dogs - "Rubber Jaw"
62
Injury to articular cartilage results in
Fibrillation, eburniation or "Joint mice" formation
63
Endochondral ossification occurs in the
Ossification Centers - immature bones
Growth Plates - developing bones
64
Polymelia
Supernumerary limbs
65
Polydactylia
Supernumerary digits
66
Intervertebral Disk Disease
Occurs in all breeds as part of the aging process
67
Septic Arthritis
Most common in farm animals, specially the young where its a common sequel to neonatal bacteremia
68
Osteoid
Extracellular matrix of bone containing primarily glycoproteins and collagen fibers. Rapidly undergoes mineralization
69
Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy is most common in
Horses and large breed dogs
70
Complications associated with bone fractures
Bone necrosis and formation of sequestrum
Nonunion fracture - pseudoarthrosis
Osteomyelitis
Cachexia
71
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
72
Animals with Osteopetrosis often present with
Aplastic anemia
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
No space for hematopoietic tissues of the bone marrow to grow
73
Synovial Joints
Unite two bone ends covered by hyaline articular cartilage and an articular capsule surrounds a cavity filled with synovial fluid
74
Toxic Osteodystrophies
Lead Poisoning
Fluoride Toxicosis
Hypervitaminosis A
75
Congenital Cortical Hyperstosis
Autosomal recessive inherited condition in pigs
Limbs appear swollen due to excessive deposition of radiating trabeculae on periostal surface and blockage of the local lymphatic circulation
Affected are usually born dead or die within hours
76
Common sequel of Osteochondrosis
Degenerative Joint Disease
77
Dynamic form of Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy causes compression on the spinal cord when
the neck is flexed
78
Woven Bone
Immature bone present during fetal development and in the early stages of bone repair. Collagen fibers in woven bone are randomly arranged adapting a criss cross (woven) pattern microscopically
79
Hygromas
Chronic lesions that appear as flattneed cystic fluid-filled subcutaneous distensions over the cranial carpus. Usually there is no communication with the carpal joint or tendon sheath.
80
Non-Infectious Arthritis
Immune mediated etiology
Inflammation is in response to persistence of antigen in the synovial membrane of affected joints, or to the deposition int he synovium of immune complexes derived from inflammatory lesions elsewhere
Affect multiple joints
81
Effect of Pannus on the joint
Inflammatory cells within the pannus along with collagenases from synovial fibroblasts may further damage the articular cartilage and lead to ankylosis of the joint
82
Aseptic Inflammation of bone
Trauma may cause osteoperiostitis with formation of exostosis
83
Fibrous Osteodystrophy is more commonly caused by (Primary/Secondary) Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary
84
Most common causes of paresis in the dog
Intervertebral Disk Disease
85
Osteoporosis
Decreased amount of bone but the bone that is present is normal. Grossly there is a reduction in the thickness of the cortical bone and a decrease number of trabeculae in the cancellous bone
86
Congenital Letah Chondrodysplasia - "Dexter Bulldog"
Inherited condition of Dexter cattle
Affected calves are often aborted and exhibit disproportionate dwarfism, short vertebral column, marked micromelia, large head with short muzzle, protruding tongue and large abnominal hernia.
87
Pannus
Fibrovascular and histocytic tissue that develops within the synovial membrane at its junction with the periosteum and cartilage margins and can spread over the articular surfaces.
88
Types of Joints
Fibrous Joints - Synarthroses
Cartilaginous Joints - Amphiarthroses
Synovial Joints - Diarthroses
89
Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Lion Jaw
Proliferative disorder confined to the bones of the skull, especially the mandibles, occipital and temporal bones
Recognized at 4-7 months of age
Affected dogs may exhibit discomfort when chewing or inability to open the mouth to eat
90
Endochondral Ossification
Bone formation that occurs in the majority of bones of the skeleton.
Bone develops from cartilaginous model that is subsequently replaced by osseous tissue present in the so called ossification centers
91
Spondylosis
Common degenerative disease of the vertebral column characterized by the formation of osteophytes at the ventral and lateral margins of vertebral bodies adjacent to vertebral spaces
92
When growth plates are closed what effect does that have on growth?
Growth plates close in mature animals, no further rlongitudinal growth will occur
93
Osteochondrosis - Dyschondroplasia
Characterized by abnormal growth and maturation of the articular cartilage
94
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy - Osteopathy
95
Kyphosis
Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column
96
T/F: Bones remain in a dynamic state of growth and resportion throughout life
True
97
Sequestrum
Piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable bone
98
Hip Dysplasia
Characterized by a lack of conformity between the femoral head and the acetabulum → subluxation → DJD
99
Static form of Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy causes compression on the spinal cord occurs
No matter what position the neck is in
100
Chondrosarcoma
Rare in domestic species
Involves flat bones more often than long bones
101
Most common primary bone tumor in dogs and cats
Osteosarcoma
102
Osteopetrosis
Inherited disease caused by osteoclast failure to reabsorb the primary spongiosa. This failure results in an increased bone density and lack of medullary spaces
103
Fibrous Joints
Bones are united by fibrous tissue
104
Common sequel of tail biting in pigs
Vertebral abscess resulting from fracture of the vertebral body and focal compression of the spinal cord
105
Osteitis - Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone
106
Osteonecrosis - Osteosis
Necrosis of bone
Ischemia usually associated with trauma but may also occur in inflammatory and neoplastic bone diseases
Necrotic bone appears paler
