Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Pathology I > Bone Pathology > Flashcards

Bone Pathology Flashcards

1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Malignant Neoplasms of Joints

A

Arise from the synovial membrane

Uncommon in dogs and very rare in other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pannus formation is a possible sequel of

A

Chronic joint injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lordosis

A

Ventral deviation of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Etiology of osteoporosis

A

Nutritional

Aging

Disuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amelia

A

Absence of limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Degree of osteonecrosis is influenced by

A

Influenced by size and extent of necrosis and extent and strength of collateral circulation and local repair mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of angular limb deformities

A

Malposition in utero

Joint laxity

Hypothyroidism

Trauma

Malnutrition

Impaired endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Valgus deformity

A

Lateral deviation of one or more limbs distal to the affected growth plate or joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Syndactylia

A

Fusion of digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most common joint lesions in domestic animals involve

A

synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary Degenerative Joint Disease

A

No apparent predisposing cause - generally observed in older animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathologic Bone Fracture

A

Abnormal bone broken by minimal trauma or normal weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Traumatic Bone Fracture

A

Normal bone broken by excessive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Dietary deficiency of Ca, excess dietary P or deficiency of Vitamin D

Typically a result of decreased Ca or increased P in the diet and affects young growing animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteodystrophies - Metabolic Bone Diseases

A

Result from disturbed bone growth, modeling or remodeling due to either nutritional or hormonal imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteodystrophy due to Hypervitaminosis A

A

Cats that consume high quantities of bovine livers

Cause deforming cervical spondylosis

Affected cats develop osteophyte formation around the joints of the cervical vertebrae, should and elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metabolic Bone Disease is characterized by

A

Failure of production of bone matrix, its mineralization or its maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chondroplasia - Chondrodysplasia fetalis

A

Disproprotionate dwarfism

Breed associated, usually hereditary conditions.

Membranous appositional growth is normal but interstitial growth of cartilage is abnormal resulting in premature closure of growth plates and decreas length of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone formation that occurs within “membranes” of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue

____________________________

Flat bones of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Microscopic appearance fo osteonecrosis

A

Cell death with loss of osteocytes from their lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cervico-vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy - “Wobbler’s Syndrome”

A

Localized skeletal dysplasia

Classified as a degenerative joint disease which affects the axial skeleton

Results in dynamic or static compression of the cervcial spinal cord by abnormal cervical vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Secondary Degenerative Joint Disease

A

Associated with an underlying abnormality in the join or its supporting structures which leads to premature degeneration of the articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Micromelia

A

Abnormally small or short limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Angular Limb Deformities

A

Common in young animals and specially important in horses

Origin can be traced to asymptomatic lesion in an active growth plate

Characterized by twisting of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Grown (adult) animal disease

Failure in the mineralization of osteoid primarily due to vitamin D or P deficiency

Unmineralized osteoid is resistant to osteoclast resorption and accumulates in the bone

Affected animals may exhibit bone pain, pathologic fractures and deformities

Collapse of articular surface may occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

End-Stage Joint

A

Describe a joint with severe chronic injury

Affected joints exhibit variable degrees of damage to the articular cartilage, deformation, osteophyte, and pannus formation, capsular fibrosis, synovial villous hypertrophy/hyperplasia and occasional ankylosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rickets

A

Affecting young growing animals

Defective calcification of osteoid and defective endochondral ossification

Multifactoral etiology typically involves vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Outcome of osteonecrosis

A

Complete resorption and replacement of necrotic bone may occur

Formation of sequestrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(Primary/Secondary) bone tumors are more common

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Common in young farm animals as result of bacteremia or septicemia

Omphalophlebitis is common source in neonates

Can be localized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Predilection site of Osteosarcoma

A

Close to the knee and way from the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Types of malignant neoplasms of joints

A

Synovial Cell Sarcoma

Histocytic Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lesions of “Elbow Dysplasia Syndrome” in young dogs

A

Ununited anconeal process

Fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

Common metabolic bone disease

Characterized by extensive bone resportion and replacement by fibrous connective tissue and poorly mineralized immature bone

Result of persistent elevations of plasma PTH levels - hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Osteodystrophy caused by fluoride toxicosis

A

Occurs in herbiovores - cattle and sheep

Affects the normal metabolism of bone and teeth primarily in growing animals

Ameloblasts and odontoblasts are markedly sensitive to excess fluoride and the result are soft dark brown discolored teeth that wear down easily

Bones exhibit periosteal hyperostosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Two types of bone based on degree of maturity

A

Woven bone

Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Involucrum

A

Layer of granulation tissue and reactive bone formed as a result of attempts to wall of a sequestrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Synovial Cell Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumors arising from the synovial fibrocyte origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Histiocytic Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumors arising from cells of histocytic phenotype, possible dendritic cells present in synovium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ringbone

A

Degenerative disease in horses affecting the inter-phalangeal joints

Common in horses used in rodeo events or Polo

Result of abrupt stops, turns and twists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Etiology of metabolic bone disease

A

Nutritional

Hormonal

Disuse

Toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pathogenesis of osteodystrophy due to lead poisoning

A
  1. Lead interferes with osteoclastic activity
  2. Subtle bone lesions
  3. Increase bone density (osteosclerosis) in the metaphysis
  4. Lead Line
44
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral deviation of the vertebral column

45
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

Mature bone. Collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel pattern

46
Q

Cellular elements of bone

A

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Lining cells - inactive osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

47
Q

Primary Bone Neoplasms

A

Osteoma

Ossifying fibroma

Osteosarcoma

Chondroma

Chondrosarcoma

Multilobular tumor of bone

48
Q

Bone

A

Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells embedded within a gel - like substance that becomes mineralized

49
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Unusually associated with functional parathyroid adenomas in dogs

Affected animals exhibit marked hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

50
Q

Caprine Arthritis - Encephalitis (CAE)

A

Slowly progressive disease of goats caused by a retrovirus.

Virus produces a respiratory and neurologic syndrome.

Joint lesions are characterized hy a lymphocytic hyperplastic synovitis with the formation of carpal hygromas

51
Q

Joint

A

Formed when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic or cartilaginous tissues or by a combination of these tissues

52
Q

Avulsed Bone Fracture

A

Caused by the pull of a ligament/ muscle tendon at its insertion into bone

53
Q

Osteochondritis DIssecans (OCD)

A

Specific form of osteochondrosis characterized by the separation of a piece of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone

54
Q

Gross lesions associated with Rickets

A

Irregular thickening of growth plates with tongues of uncalcified cartilage extending into the metaphysis

Widening of growth plates - weigh bearing long bones may become bowed

Hemorrhages beneth the articular cartilage or in growth plates

Pathological fractures

Ribs bend rather than snap - necropsy

55
Q

Varus deformity

A

Medial deviation of one or more limbs distal to the affected growth plate or joint

56
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

Dorso-lateral deviation of the vertebral column

57
Q

During fetal life, bone formation occurs in what two ways

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

58
Q

Hemimelia

A

Absence of the distal half of the limb

59
Q

Phocomelia

A

Absence of the proximal portion of the limbs

60
Q

Microfracture - Infraction

A

Fracturing of trabeculae without external deformation of cortical bone

61
Q

Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Complex etiology but P retention due to loss of glomerular function and inadequate synthesis of calcitriol by the kidney play major role

Renal Osteodystropy occurs commonly in dogs - “Rubber Jaw”

62
Q

Injury to articular cartilage results in

A

Fibrillation, eburniation or “Joint mice” formation

63
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs in the

A

Ossification Centers - immature bones

Growth Plates - developing bones

64
Q

Polymelia

A

Supernumerary limbs

65
Q

Polydactylia

A

Supernumerary digits

66
Q

Intervertebral Disk Disease

A

Occurs in all breeds as part of the aging process

67
Q

Septic Arthritis

A

Most common in farm animals, specially the young where its a common sequel to neonatal bacteremia

68
Q

Osteoid

A

Extracellular matrix of bone containing primarily glycoproteins and collagen fibers. Rapidly undergoes mineralization

69
Q

Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy is most common in

A

Horses and large breed dogs

70
Q

Complications associated with bone fractures

A

Bone necrosis and formation of sequestrum

Nonunion fracture - pseudoarthrosis

Osteomyelitis

Cachexia

71
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

72
Q

Animals with Osteopetrosis often present with

A

Aplastic anemia

______________________________

No space for hematopoietic tissues of the bone marrow to grow

73
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Unite two bone ends covered by hyaline articular cartilage and an articular capsule surrounds a cavity filled with synovial fluid

74
Q

Toxic Osteodystrophies

A

Lead Poisoning

Fluoride Toxicosis

Hypervitaminosis A

75
Q

Congenital Cortical Hyperstosis

A

Autosomal recessive inherited condition in pigs

Limbs appear swollen due to excessive deposition of radiating trabeculae on periostal surface and blockage of the local lymphatic circulation

Affected are usually born dead or die within hours

76
Q

Common sequel of Osteochondrosis

A

Degenerative Joint Disease

77
Q

Dynamic form of Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy causes compression on the spinal cord when

A

the neck is flexed

78
Q

Woven Bone

A

Immature bone present during fetal development and in the early stages of bone repair. Collagen fibers in woven bone are randomly arranged adapting a criss cross (woven) pattern microscopically

79
Q

Hygromas

A

Chronic lesions that appear as flattneed cystic fluid-filled subcutaneous distensions over the cranial carpus. Usually there is no communication with the carpal joint or tendon sheath.

80
Q

Non-Infectious Arthritis

A

Immune mediated etiology

Inflammation is in response to persistence of antigen in the synovial membrane of affected joints, or to the deposition int he synovium of immune complexes derived from inflammatory lesions elsewhere

Affect multiple joints

81
Q

Effect of Pannus on the joint

A

Inflammatory cells within the pannus along with collagenases from synovial fibroblasts may further damage the articular cartilage and lead to ankylosis of the joint

82
Q

Aseptic Inflammation of bone

A

Trauma may cause osteoperiostitis with formation of exostosis

83
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy is more commonly caused by (Primary/Secondary) Hyperparathyroidism

A

Secondary

84
Q

Most common causes of paresis in the dog

A

Intervertebral Disk Disease

85
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreased amount of bone but the bone that is present is normal. Grossly there is a reduction in the thickness of the cortical bone and a decrease number of trabeculae in the cancellous bone

86
Q

Congenital Letah Chondrodysplasia - “Dexter Bulldog”

A

Inherited condition of Dexter cattle

Affected calves are often aborted and exhibit disproportionate dwarfism, short vertebral column, marked micromelia, large head with short muzzle, protruding tongue and large abnominal hernia.

87
Q

Pannus

A

Fibrovascular and histocytic tissue that develops within the synovial membrane at its junction with the periosteum and cartilage margins and can spread over the articular surfaces.

88
Q

Types of Joints

A

Fibrous Joints - Synarthroses

Cartilaginous Joints - Amphiarthroses

Synovial Joints - Diarthroses

89
Q

Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy

A

Lion Jaw

Proliferative disorder confined to the bones of the skull, especially the mandibles, occipital and temporal bones

Recognized at 4-7 months of age

Affected dogs may exhibit discomfort when chewing or inability to open the mouth to eat

90
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone formation that occurs in the majority of bones of the skeleton.

Bone develops from cartilaginous model that is subsequently replaced by osseous tissue present in the so called ossification centers

91
Q

Spondylosis

A

Common degenerative disease of the vertebral column characterized by the formation of osteophytes at the ventral and lateral margins of vertebral bodies adjacent to vertebral spaces

92
Q

When growth plates are closed what effect does that have on growth?

A

Growth plates close in mature animals, no further rlongitudinal growth will occur

93
Q

Osteochondrosis - Dyschondroplasia

A

Characterized by abnormal growth and maturation of the articular cartilage

94
Q

Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy - Osteopathy

A
95
Q

Kyphosis

A

Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column

96
Q

T/F: Bones remain in a dynamic state of growth and resportion throughout life

A

True

97
Q

Sequestrum

A

Piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable bone

98
Q

Hip Dysplasia

A

Characterized by a lack of conformity between the femoral head and the acetabulum → subluxation → DJD

99
Q

Static form of Cervico-vertebral stenotic myelopathy causes compression on the spinal cord occurs

A

No matter what position the neck is in

100
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Rare in domestic species

Involves flat bones more often than long bones

101
Q

Most common primary bone tumor in dogs and cats

A

Osteosarcoma

102
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Inherited disease caused by osteoclast failure to reabsorb the primary spongiosa. This failure results in an increased bone density and lack of medullary spaces

103
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones are united by fibrous tissue

104
Q

Common sequel of tail biting in pigs

A

Vertebral abscess resulting from fracture of the vertebral body and focal compression of the spinal cord

105
Q

Osteitis - Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone

106
Q

Osteonecrosis - Osteosis

A

Necrosis of bone

Ischemia usually associated with trauma but may also occur in inflammatory and neoplastic bone diseases

Necrotic bone appears paler

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions