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RUSVM Pathology I > Mechanisms of Cell Injury > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Organelle of the nucleus, functions in synthesis of rRNA

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death is

A

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death is depletion of ATP

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3
Q

Examples of extrinsice causes of cell injury

A

Physical trauma

Viruses

Toxins

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4
Q

When repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins/DNA become overwhelmed _________ is initiated.

A

When repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins/DNA become overwhelmed apoptosis is initiated.

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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Selective Barrier

Structural base for enzymes and receptors

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6
Q

A in DAMN IT V

A

Autoimmune

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7
Q

Causes of decreased ATP

A

Na-K ATPase Pump failure

Increased Aerobic Glycolysis

Detatchment of ribosomes

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8
Q

Name the membrane bound organelles

A

Nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi, Endosome

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9
Q

Common infectious agent classes that cause cell injury

A

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungus

Protozoa

Metazoan

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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

Major consequences of mitochondrial damage

A

Formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)

Production of ROS

Activation of apoptotic pathways

____________________

Apoptosis and Necrosis

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12
Q

6 major mechanisms of cell injury

A

Decreased ATP

Mitochondrial Damage

Entry of Ca2+

Increased ROS

Membrane Damage

Protein/DNA Damage

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13
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Coiled, transcriptionally inactive

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14
Q

Immune defects can be categorized as

A

Congenital defects

Acquired defects

Autoimmune disease

Hypersensitivity reactions

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15
Q

Apical surface

A

Top of cell

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16
Q

Cell Injury

A

Damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and/or structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components

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17
Q

Depletion of ATP is associated with

A

Hypoxic injury

Toxic injury

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18
Q

Location of the genome

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Depletion of ______% of ATP is problematic

A

Depletion of 5-10% of ATP is problematic

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20
Q

________ is required for almost all synthetic and degradative processes within the cell

A

ATP is required for almost all synthetic and degradative processes within the cell

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21
Q

Storage of genetic material

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

Accumulation of Ca2+ causes

A

Opening of the MPTP

Enzyme Activation - Membrane and Nuclear Damage

Induction of apoptosis

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23
Q

Cell injury occurs when the cell cannot

A

Cell injury occurs when the cell cannot maintain a steady state

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24
Q

Most common causes of cell injury

A

Oxygen deficiency

Infectious agents

Immunologic dysfunction

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25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest macromolecules

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26
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes

Locus of enzymes that metabolize steroids, drugs, lipids and glycogen

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27
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Synthesis of complex proteins

Production of secretory vesicles and lysosomes

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28
Q

Basilar surface

A

Bottom of the cell

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29
Q

Free radicals are removed from the body by

A

Spontaneous decay

Antioxidants

Storage and transport proteins

Enzymes

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30
Q

Cell Polarity

A

Spatial differences in shape, structure and function of cells

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31
Q

T in DAMN IT V

A

Trauma

Toxin

32
Q

Consequences of membrane damage

A

Mitochondrial membrane damage

Plasma membrane damage

Injury to lysosomal membranes

33
Q

Which part of the nucleus is not being actively transcribed?

A

Heterochromatin

34
Q

Oxidative stress

A

When ROS production exceeds antioxidant capacity, can cause cell injury

35
Q

Cellular functions are compartmentalized within membrane bound organelles to allow for:

A

Isolation of potentially harmful substances

Creation of unique intracellular microenvironments

36
Q

Hypoxia

A

Partial reduction of oxygen delivery to a tissue

37
Q

Many nucleosomes are wound into a helix to form _____________.

A

Many nucleosomes are wound into a helix to form chromatin.

38
Q

Free Radicals

A

Chemicals with a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit

39
Q

Causes of cell injury are broadly characterized as

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

Both

40
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton

A

Actin microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

41
Q

Nucleolus is composed of

A

RNA

Protein

Chromatin

42
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine

Thymine

43
Q

Euchromatin

A

Uncoiled, transcriptionally active

44
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduction in blood supply that results in hypoxia

45
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

Oxygen derived free radical, degraded and removed by cell defense systems

46
Q

M in DAMN IT V

A

Metabolic

47
Q

Endosomal Vesicles

A

Shuttles internalized materian within cell

Directs newly synthesized materials to cell surface or cell organelle

48
Q

DNA is organized around __________ into nucleosomes.

A

DNA is organized around histones into nucleosomes.

49
Q

V in DAMN IT V

A

Vascular

50
Q

Examples of physical agents that cause cell injury

A

Trauma

Temperature extremes

Electrical injury

Ionizing radiation

51
Q

Contents and position of cell organelles are regulated by the _____________.

A

Contents and position of cell organelles are regulated by the cytoskeleton.

52
Q

Analytes used to determine hepatocellular injury

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

53
Q

Oxygen is required for _____________ in the mitochondria

A

Oxygen is required for oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

54
Q

Anoxia

A

No oxygen delivery to a tissue

55
Q

Spatial differences within cells is referred to as?

A

Cell Polarity

56
Q

Chromatin wound again into a supercoiled ____________.

A

Chromatin wound again into a supercoiled chromosome.

______________________

Only seen during division

57
Q

Purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

58
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

A

Located in cytoplasm of hepatocytes

Converts alanine to pyruvate

59
Q

Immune dysfunction as a cause of cell injury

A

Immune system fails to respond to infectious agents

60
Q

ATP is produced through 2 primary metabolic pathways

A

Aerobic - TCA Cycle

Anaerobic - Glycolysis

61
Q

Example of a congenital defect that causes immune dysfunction

A

SCIDS in Arabian foals

_________________

Foals dont produce appropriate lymphocytes

62
Q

Proteasomes

A

Selectively degrade denatured proteins

Release Peptides

63
Q

Purine is bound to pyrimidine by __________.

A

Purine is bound to pyrimidine by hydrogen bonds.

64
Q

N in DAMN IT V

A

Neoplasia

Nutritional

65
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Responsible for cell movement

Maintains cell shape and intracellular organization

Can move organelles and proteins within the cell

66
Q

Waste management organelles

A

Lysosomes

Proteasomes

67
Q

Prominence is a subjective measure of

A

Prominence is a subjective measure of a cells synthetic activity

68
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic metabolism

Regulator of apoptosis

69
Q

D in DAMN IT V

A

Degenerative

70
Q

When hepatocytes undergo cellular injury _______ is released.

A

When hepatocytes undergo cellular injury ALT is released.

71
Q

DAMN IT V

A

Mnemonic for differential diagnosis

72
Q

Causes of free radical formation

A

UV Light

Ionizing Radiation

Smoking

Air Polution

Inflammation

Metabolism

73
Q

Acquired defects that cause immune dysfunction from ____________, __________ or ___________ that result in damage to lymphoid tissue

A

Acquired defects that cause immune dysfunction from Viral Infections, Chemicals or Drugs that result in damage to lymphoid tissue

74
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breakdown fatty acids

Generates hydrogen peroxide

75
Q

I in DAMN IT V

A

Inflammatory

Infectious

Iatrogenic

Idiopathic

76
Q

Genetic mutations are an example of _______ causes of cell injury

A

Genetic mutations are an example of intrinsic causes of cell injury

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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