Mechanisms of Cell Injury Flashcards
Organelle of the nucleus, functions in synthesis of rRNA
Nucleolus
Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death is
Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death is depletion of ATP
Examples of extrinsice causes of cell injury
Physical trauma
Viruses
Toxins
When repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins/DNA become overwhelmed _________ is initiated.
When repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins/DNA become overwhelmed apoptosis is initiated.
Cell Membrane
Selective Barrier
Structural base for enzymes and receptors
A in DAMN IT V
Autoimmune
Causes of decreased ATP
Na-K ATPase Pump failure
Increased Aerobic Glycolysis
Detatchment of ribosomes
Name the membrane bound organelles
Nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi, Endosome
Common infectious agent classes that cause cell injury
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungus
Protozoa
Metazoan
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Major consequences of mitochondrial damage
Formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)
Production of ROS
Activation of apoptotic pathways
____________________
Apoptosis and Necrosis
6 major mechanisms of cell injury
Decreased ATP
Mitochondrial Damage
Entry of Ca2+
Increased ROS
Membrane Damage
Protein/DNA Damage
Heterochromatin
Coiled, transcriptionally inactive
Immune defects can be categorized as
Congenital defects
Acquired defects
Autoimmune disease
Hypersensitivity reactions
Apical surface
Top of cell
Cell Injury
Damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and/or structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components
Depletion of ATP is associated with
Hypoxic injury
Toxic injury
Location of the genome
Nucleus
Depletion of ______% of ATP is problematic
Depletion of 5-10% of ATP is problematic
________ is required for almost all synthetic and degradative processes within the cell
ATP is required for almost all synthetic and degradative processes within the cell
Storage of genetic material
Nucleus
Accumulation of Ca2+ causes
Opening of the MPTP
Enzyme Activation - Membrane and Nuclear Damage
Induction of apoptosis
Cell injury occurs when the cell cannot
Cell injury occurs when the cell cannot maintain a steady state
Most common causes of cell injury
Oxygen deficiency
Infectious agents
Immunologic dysfunction
Lysosomes
Digest macromolecules
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes
Locus of enzymes that metabolize steroids, drugs, lipids and glycogen
Golgi Apparatus
Synthesis of complex proteins
Production of secretory vesicles and lysosomes
Basilar surface
Bottom of the cell
Free radicals are removed from the body by
Spontaneous decay
Antioxidants
Storage and transport proteins
Enzymes
Cell Polarity
Spatial differences in shape, structure and function of cells
T in DAMN IT V
Trauma
Toxin
Consequences of membrane damage
Mitochondrial membrane damage
Plasma membrane damage
Injury to lysosomal membranes
Which part of the nucleus is not being actively transcribed?
Heterochromatin
Oxidative stress
When ROS production exceeds antioxidant capacity, can cause cell injury
Cellular functions are compartmentalized within membrane bound organelles to allow for:
Isolation of potentially harmful substances
Creation of unique intracellular microenvironments
Hypoxia
Partial reduction of oxygen delivery to a tissue
Many nucleosomes are wound into a helix to form _____________.
Many nucleosomes are wound into a helix to form chromatin.
Free Radicals
Chemicals with a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
Causes of cell injury are broadly characterized as
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Both
Components of the cytoskeleton
Actin microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Nucleolus is composed of
RNA
Protein
Chromatin
Pyrimidines
Cytosine
Thymine
Euchromatin
Uncoiled, transcriptionally active
Ischemia
Reduction in blood supply that results in hypoxia
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Oxygen derived free radical, degraded and removed by cell defense systems
M in DAMN IT V
Metabolic
Endosomal Vesicles
Shuttles internalized materian within cell
Directs newly synthesized materials to cell surface or cell organelle
DNA is organized around __________ into nucleosomes.
DNA is organized around histones into nucleosomes.
V in DAMN IT V
Vascular
Examples of physical agents that cause cell injury
Trauma
Temperature extremes
Electrical injury
Ionizing radiation
Contents and position of cell organelles are regulated by the _____________.
Contents and position of cell organelles are regulated by the cytoskeleton.
Analytes used to determine hepatocellular injury
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Oxygen is required for _____________ in the mitochondria
Oxygen is required for oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria
Anoxia
No oxygen delivery to a tissue
Spatial differences within cells is referred to as?
Cell Polarity
Chromatin wound again into a supercoiled ____________.
Chromatin wound again into a supercoiled chromosome.
______________________
Only seen during division
Purines
Adenine
Guanine
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Located in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Converts alanine to pyruvate
Immune dysfunction as a cause of cell injury
Immune system fails to respond to infectious agents
ATP is produced through 2 primary metabolic pathways
Aerobic - TCA Cycle
Anaerobic - Glycolysis
Example of a congenital defect that causes immune dysfunction
SCIDS in Arabian foals
_________________
Foals dont produce appropriate lymphocytes
Proteasomes
Selectively degrade denatured proteins
Release Peptides
Purine is bound to pyrimidine by __________.
Purine is bound to pyrimidine by hydrogen bonds.
N in DAMN IT V
Neoplasia
Nutritional
Cytoskeleton
Responsible for cell movement
Maintains cell shape and intracellular organization
Can move organelles and proteins within the cell
Waste management organelles
Lysosomes
Proteasomes
Prominence is a subjective measure of
Prominence is a subjective measure of a cells synthetic activity
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic metabolism
Regulator of apoptosis
D in DAMN IT V
Degenerative
When hepatocytes undergo cellular injury _______ is released.
When hepatocytes undergo cellular injury ALT is released.
DAMN IT V
Mnemonic for differential diagnosis
Causes of free radical formation
UV Light
Ionizing Radiation
Smoking
Air Polution
Inflammation
Metabolism
Acquired defects that cause immune dysfunction from ____________, __________ or ___________ that result in damage to lymphoid tissue
Acquired defects that cause immune dysfunction from Viral Infections, Chemicals or Drugs that result in damage to lymphoid tissue
Peroxisomes
Breakdown fatty acids
Generates hydrogen peroxide
I in DAMN IT V
Inflammatory
Infectious
Iatrogenic
Idiopathic
Genetic mutations are an example of _______ causes of cell injury
Genetic mutations are an example of intrinsic causes of cell injury
