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Mechanisms of Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Organelle of the nucleus, functions in synthesis of rRNA

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death is

A

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death is depletion of ATP

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3
Q

Examples of extrinsice causes of cell injury

A

Physical trauma

Viruses

Toxins

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4
Q

When repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins/DNA become overwhelmed _________ is initiated.

A

When repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins/DNA become overwhelmed apoptosis is initiated.

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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Selective Barrier

Structural base for enzymes and receptors

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6
Q

A in DAMN IT V

A

Autoimmune

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7
Q

Causes of decreased ATP

A

Na-K ATPase Pump failure

Increased Aerobic Glycolysis

Detatchment of ribosomes

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8
Q

Name the membrane bound organelles

A

Nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi, Endosome

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9
Q

Common infectious agent classes that cause cell injury

A

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungus

Protozoa

Metazoan

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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

Major consequences of mitochondrial damage

A

Formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)

Production of ROS

Activation of apoptotic pathways

____________________

Apoptosis and Necrosis

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12
Q

6 major mechanisms of cell injury

A

Decreased ATP

Mitochondrial Damage

Entry of Ca2+

Increased ROS

Membrane Damage

Protein/DNA Damage

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13
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Coiled, transcriptionally inactive

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14
Q

Immune defects can be categorized as

A

Congenital defects

Acquired defects

Autoimmune disease

Hypersensitivity reactions

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15
Q

Apical surface

A

Top of cell

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16
Q

Cell Injury

A

Damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and/or structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components

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17
Q

Depletion of ATP is associated with

A

Hypoxic injury

Toxic injury

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18
Q

Location of the genome

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Depletion of ______% of ATP is problematic

A

Depletion of 5-10% of ATP is problematic

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20
Q

________ is required for almost all synthetic and degradative processes within the cell

A

ATP is required for almost all synthetic and degradative processes within the cell

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21
Q

Storage of genetic material

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

Accumulation of Ca2+ causes

A

Opening of the MPTP

Enzyme Activation - Membrane and Nuclear Damage

Induction of apoptosis

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23
Q

Cell injury occurs when the cell cannot

A

Cell injury occurs when the cell cannot maintain a steady state

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24
Q

Most common causes of cell injury

A

Oxygen deficiency

Infectious agents

Immunologic dysfunction

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25
Lysosomes
Digest macromolecules
26
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes Locus of enzymes that metabolize steroids, drugs, lipids and glycogen
27
Golgi Apparatus
Synthesis of complex proteins Production of secretory vesicles and lysosomes
28
Basilar surface
Bottom of the cell
29
Free radicals are removed from the body by
Spontaneous decay Antioxidants Storage and transport proteins Enzymes
30
Cell Polarity
Spatial differences in shape, structure and function of cells
31
T in DAMN IT V
Trauma Toxin
32
Consequences of membrane damage
Mitochondrial membrane damage Plasma membrane damage Injury to lysosomal membranes
33
Which part of the nucleus is not being actively transcribed?
Heterochromatin
34
Oxidative stress
When ROS production exceeds antioxidant capacity, can cause cell injury
35
Cellular functions are compartmentalized within membrane bound organelles to allow for:
Isolation of potentially harmful substances Creation of unique intracellular microenvironments
36
Hypoxia
Partial reduction of oxygen delivery to a tissue
37
Many nucleosomes are wound into a helix to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Many nucleosomes are wound into a helix to form **chromatin**.
38
Free Radicals
Chemicals with a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
39
Causes of cell injury are broadly characterized as
Extrinsic Intrinsic Both
40
Components of the cytoskeleton
Actin microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
41
Nucleolus is composed of
RNA Protein Chromatin
42
Pyrimidines
Cytosine Thymine
43
Euchromatin
Uncoiled, transcriptionally active
44
Ischemia
Reduction in blood supply that results in hypoxia
45
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Oxygen derived free radical, degraded and removed by cell defense systems
46
M in DAMN IT V
Metabolic
47
Endosomal Vesicles
Shuttles internalized materian within cell Directs newly synthesized materials to cell surface or cell organelle
48
DNA is organized around __________ into nucleosomes.
DNA is organized around **histones** into nucleosomes.
49
V in DAMN IT V
Vascular
50
Examples of physical agents that cause cell injury
Trauma Temperature extremes Electrical injury Ionizing radiation
51
Contents and position of cell organelles are regulated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Contents and position of cell organelles are regulated by the **cytoskeleton**.
52
Analytes used to determine hepatocellular injury
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
53
Oxygen is required for _____________ in the mitochondria
Oxygen is required for **oxidative phosphorylation** in the mitochondria
54
Anoxia
No oxygen delivery to a tissue
55
Spatial differences within cells is referred to as?
Cell Polarity
56
Chromatin wound again into a supercoiled \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Chromatin wound again into a supercoiled **chromosome**. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Only seen during division
57
Purines
Adenine Guanine
58
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Located in cytoplasm of hepatocytes Converts alanine to pyruvate
59
Immune dysfunction as a cause of cell injury
Immune system fails to respond to infectious agents
60
ATP is produced through 2 primary metabolic pathways
Aerobic - TCA Cycle Anaerobic - Glycolysis
61
Example of a congenital defect that causes immune dysfunction
SCIDS in Arabian foals \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Foals dont produce appropriate lymphocytes
62
Proteasomes
Selectively degrade denatured proteins Release Peptides
63
Purine is bound to pyrimidine by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Purine is bound to pyrimidine by **hydrogen bonds**.
64
N in DAMN IT V
Neoplasia Nutritional
65
Cytoskeleton
Responsible for cell movement Maintains cell shape and intracellular organization Can move organelles and proteins within the cell
66
Waste management organelles
Lysosomes Proteasomes
67
Prominence is a subjective measure of
Prominence is a subjective measure of **a cells synthetic activity**
68
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic metabolism Regulator of apoptosis
69
D in DAMN IT V
Degenerative
70
When hepatocytes undergo cellular injury _______ is released.
When hepatocytes undergo cellular injury **ALT** is released.
71
DAMN IT V
Mnemonic for differential diagnosis
72
Causes of free radical formation
UV Light Ionizing Radiation Smoking Air Polution Inflammation Metabolism
73
Acquired defects that cause immune dysfunction from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, __________ or ___________ that result in damage to lymphoid tissue
Acquired defects that cause immune dysfunction from **Viral Infections**, **Chemicals** or **Drugs** that result in damage to lymphoid tissue
74
Peroxisomes
Breakdown fatty acids Generates hydrogen peroxide
75
I in DAMN IT V
Inflammatory Infectious Iatrogenic Idiopathic
76
Genetic mutations are an example of _______ causes of cell injury
Genetic mutations are an example of **intrinsic** causes of cell injury

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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