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RUSVM Pathology I > Pigments and Tissue Deposits > Flashcards

Pigments and Tissue Deposits Flashcards

1
Q

Heart Failure Cells

A

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

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2
Q

Histological appearance of lipofuscin

A

Golden-brown, fine granular cytoplasmic pigment

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3
Q

Local hemoglobin catabolism results in

A

Chronic congestion

Hemorrhage

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4
Q

A beta amyloid is commonly associated with

A

Cerebral lesion of Alzheimer disease

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5
Q

Common causes of hepatic hyperbilirubinemia

A

Hepatic Insufficiency

Hepatitis

Hepatocellular Degeneration

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6
Q

Microscopic appearance of hemosiderin

A

Dark-yellow-brown, coarse granular cytoplasmic pigment

Stains blue-black with prussian blue/Perls stain

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7
Q

When bilirubinemia is how much mg/dL you get jaundice

A

2mg/dL

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8
Q

Erythropoietic Porphyria

A

Developmental anomaly of calves, cats and pigs due to inherited deficiency of Uroporphyrinogen III Cosynthetase

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9
Q

Pathogenesis of Erythropoietic porphyria

A
  1. Deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase
  2. Defect in heme synthesis
  3. Porphyrins accumulate in dentin and bone
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10
Q

Common cause of Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia

A

Hemolysis

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11
Q

Posthepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Reflux of conjugated bilirubin into blood

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12
Q

General etiologies of intravascular hemolysis

A

Oxidative Damage

Erythrocyte metabolic deficiency

Infectious

Immune mediated

Direct membrane damage

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13
Q

Amyloid A deposition associated with

A

chronic inflammatory conditions; certain breeds predisposed

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14
Q

Widespread hemoglobin catabolism results in

A

Hemolysis

Inherited disorders of Fe storage

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of Reactive Systemic Amyloidosis

A
  1. Chronic inflammation
  2. Liver produces Saa in response to IL-4 and IL-6
  3. Spontaneous conversion of SAA to AA
  4. Formation of Amyloid fibrils
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16
Q

T/F: Amyloid looks the same no matter what it is made out of

A

True

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17
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

Excess PTH

Excess Vitamin D

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18
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases Ca and Decreases P

Synthesized in response to increased Ca

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19
Q

Vitamin D effect on Ca and P

A

Increase Ca, incease P

Synthesized in response to decreased Ca and decreased P

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20
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Iron stored intracellurly as ferritin- bound to apoferitin

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21
Q

Metastatic Calcification

A

Widespread deposition of calcium in otherwise normal tissues

Caused by hypercalcemia

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22
Q

Microscopic appearance of jaundice/icterus

A

Do not see pigment in jaundiced tissues - unless cholestatic liver

Yellow-brown intracellular or extracellular pigment

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23
Q

Amyloid light chain (AL) deposition associated with

A

Monoclonal B-lymphocyte proliferation

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24
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Derived from the breakdown of lipids

Composed of lipid complexed with protein

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25
Q

Gout

A

Accumulation of uric acid in tissues

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26
Q

Microscopic appearance of hemoglobinuria

A

Homogenous re-orange material in renal tubules

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27
Q

Common causes of excess PTH

A

Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Paraneoplasmic syndrome

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28
Q

Type types of calcification

A

Dystrophic

Metastatic

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29
Q

Important pigments

A

Hematogenous pigments

Melanin

Lipofuscin

Exogenous pigments

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30
Q

Type of amyloid tissue deposits

A

Amyloid Light Chail (AL)

Amyloid A

Endocrine Amyloid

A beta Amyloid

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31
Q

Dystrophic Calcification

A

Local deposition of calcium in areas of injury

Especially necrotic fat

Muscle, granulomas, parasites

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32
Q

Gross appearance of calcification

A

White gritty granules/ plaques

Hard

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33
Q

Ways in which hyperbilirubinemia occurs

A

Prehepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

Hepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

Posthepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

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34
Q

Amyloid as is made from SAA protein synthesized by the liver in response to

A

Inflammation

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35
Q

Pigments responsible for coloration of bruises

A

Bilirubin - yellow

Hemoglobin - red/blue

Hemosiderin - brown

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36
Q

Amyloid Light Chain (AL) is derived from

A

Immunoglobulin light chain

37
Q

Gross appearance of uric acid tissue deposits

A

Chalky white foci on surface of visceral organs and serous membranes

May involve soft tissues around joints - visceral gout

38
Q

Common clinical tests to perform when presented with an animal with jaundice

A

CBC, PCV

Chemistry

Urine

Ultrasound

39
Q

Histologic experience of calcification

A

Basophilic amorphous granules of inconsistent size/shape

Stain black with vonKossa

40
Q

Amyloid

A

Fibrils of stacked beta-pleated sheets

Deposited and accumulates in extracellular space - compress adjacent tissues causing atrophy

41
Q

Uric Acid is the end product of

A

Birds and reptiles

42
Q

Calcinosis circumscripta

A

Widespread mineralization of the dermal collagen and epidermal basement membranes

43
Q

Birds and reptiles get gout from

A

Decreased renal function

Dehydration

44
Q

Bilirubin is conjugated where

A

within the hepatocyte by diglucuronide

45
Q

Common cause of posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia

A

Biliary obstruction (cholestasis) or rupture

46
Q

Important hematogenous pigments

A

Hemoglobin

Hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Porphyrins

47
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

A

Red blood cell → Hemoglobin by Erythrophagocytosis in macrophage

Hb not free in blood to be filtered by kidney

48
Q

Gross appearance of amyloid tissue deposits

A

Enlarged, firm organs with waxy appearance

Stains blue violet when treated with iodne + sulfuric acid

49
Q

Terms used for yellow discoloration of the tissue

A

Icterus

Jaundice

50
Q

Prehepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Bilirubin production exceeds hepatocellular uptake

51
Q

Histological appearance of melanin

A

Fine brown/black cytoplasmic granules

52
Q

Pathogenesis of Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

A
  1. A/Q negative mare bred A/Q positive stallion
  2. Fetus develops A/Q blood type
  3. Fetal cells passed to mares during gestation
  4. Mare sensitized
  5. Mare bred again to A/Q stallion
  6. 2nd foal ingests colostrum packed with antibodies against its blood type
  7. Intravascular hemolysis
53
Q

Saponification

A

Calcium ions interact with fatty acids, producing insoluble calcium soaps

54
Q

Which hyperbilirubinemia is most severe?

A

Posthepatic hyperbilirubinemia

55
Q

Gross appearance of Lipofuscin

A

Usually nothing

Tissue obtains a brownish color after a large amound of accumulation

56
Q

Gross appearance of Erythropoietic porphyria

A

Pink-red discolored bones and teeth

Fluoresces with UV light

57
Q

Hepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Hepatic dysfunction:

  • Decreased bilirubin uptake
  • Decreased conjugation
  • Decreased secretion in bile
58
Q

Pathogenesis of Acute Copper Toxicosis

A
  • Insufficient metallothionein for safe copper storage
  • High copper diet
  • Chronic hepatic copper accumulation
  • Acute copper release
  • Oxidative RBC damage
  • Intravascular hemolytic anemia
  • Hemoglobinuria
59
Q

Both intra and extra-vascular hemolysis can result in

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

60
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Increases Ca, decreases P

Synthesized in response to decreased Ca

61
Q

Mechanism of Uric Acid/ Urea Production

A
  1. Nucelic acid catabolism
  2. Purine → Xanthinie
  3. Xanthinine → Uric acid by Xanthine Oxidase
  4. Uric Acid → Allantoin by Uricase
  5. Allantoin → Urea
  6. Renal excretion
62
Q

Calcinosis cirucumscripta is seen in dogs with

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

63
Q

Gross appearance of hemoglobinuria

A

Red-brown coloration of kidney and urine

Pink serum

64
Q

Jaundice - Icterus

A

Increased bilirubin in tissues

65
Q

Hemoglobin catabolism can be distributed

A

Local or widespread

66
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Too much bilirubin in the blood

67
Q

Mechanism of melanin synthesis

A

Tyrosine → Tyrosinase Cu → Dihydroxyphenylalanine → Melanin → Packaged melanosomes → transferred to epithelial cells or melanophages

_________________________

Occurs within melanocyte

68
Q

Gross appearance of melanin

A

Black/brown tissue color

69
Q

Describe the process that the heme undergoes within the macrophage to become bilirubin

A

Heme → Hemeoxygenase → Biliverdin → BV Reductase → Bilirubin

70
Q

Mammals get gout from

A

Diet

Genetic disorders

Chemotherapy

71
Q

Lipofuscin is commonly found in

A

Aged Cells

Injured Cells

________________________

“Wear and Tear” Pigment

72
Q

Urea is the endproduct of

A

Mammals

73
Q

In the blood, bilirubin is (conjugated/unconjugated)

A

Unconjugated

74
Q

Histologic appearance of amyloid tissue deposits

A

Amorphous homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material “hyaline”

Stains pink and has green birefringence with polarized light

75
Q

In the macrophage hemoglobin is broken down into

A

Fe → Stored as hemoseriden

Globin → Broken down into amino acids

Heme → Bilirubin

76
Q

Endocrine amyloid deposition associated with

A

Diabetes

77
Q

Gross appearance of hemosiderin

A

Must have a lot to impart gross brown color

78
Q

Gross appearance of jaundice/icterus

A

Yellow-green discoloration of tissue or fluid

Most prominant in mucous membranes or adventicial surfaces

79
Q

Endocrine amyloid tissue deposits are derived from

A

Islet amyloid polypeptide produced by islet cells

80
Q

How does hemoglobinuria occur?

A

Extravascular hemolysis

Intravascular hemolysis

81
Q

Important tissue deposits

A

Calcification

Amyloid

Uric Acid

82
Q

Tophi

A

Granulomatous inflammation surrounding deposit

83
Q

Which hyperbilirubinemia has the slowest onset?

A

Hepatic Hyperbilirubinemia

84
Q

Intravascular Hemolysis

A

Red Blood Cell → Lysis into haptoglobin+hemoglobin

Some hemoglobin is taken up by the macrophage

Remainder of hemoglobin is filtered by kidney

85
Q

Histologic appearance of uric acid

A

Needle like clear spaces - crystals dissolve out in processing

“Tophi”

86
Q

Bilirubin is (conjugated/unconjugated) in bile

A

Conjugated

87
Q

Common causes of excess vitamin D

A

Vitamin D toxicity

Granulomatous disease

88
Q

Pathogenesis of hypercalcemia

A

Vitamin D deficiency and hyperphosphatemia → PTH production → hypercalcemia

RUSVM Pathology I (18 decks)

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