Short Answer - Test - 11/15 Flashcards
What historical developments enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands? (p. 204)
- Closer to the Americas than were their potential Asian competitors.
- Europeans were powerfully motivated to gain access to the world of Eurasian commerce.
- European seafaring technology, allowed Europeans to cross with ease.
How did the Columbian exchange transform societies in the Americas? (p. 211)
- Mixing of Ethnic Groups
- Germs and Diseases
- Exchange of plants and animals
In what ways was the Columbian exchange a global phenomenon? (p. 212)
- Crops of various kinds were introduced which led to some populations growing dramatically
How did sugar transform Brazil and the Caribbean?
- Sugar’s profitability spurred technological advancements.
- High demand for labor led to the shift from indigenous labor to African slaves.
- The sugar industry fueled the establishment of a large-scale transatlantic slave trade.
*How did the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of the southern colonies in British North America? (p. 217)
North America: had less racial mixing, mixed-race children were not easily accepted, less harsh, and slaves became self-reproducing
Brazil: color and class were linked, and social status could shift based on education or wealth.
*How was the role of religion different in the colonization of Latin America than in the colonization of North America? (p. 222)
Latin America:
-church and state worked closely, missionaries taught religion but didn’t teach reading
North America:
- Protestantism encouraged people to read the Bible themselves, making literacy more common.
*In what different ways did European colonialism take shape in the Americas?
- used a class system
- Once sugar came, African slavery served as the primary labor force on plantations.
- North American colonies drew Europeans fleeing the changing social and religious tensions in Europe.
What motivated Russian expansion? (p. 223)
- The problem of security. people were frequeuntly raided
- Russian expansion into Siberia was driven by demand on the world market for the pelts of fur bearing animals
*How did Russia’s westward expansion change Russia? What continuities remained despite these changes? (p. 226)
- changes were education, military forces, architectural style, and the dress of the nobility. .
- despite change: Peasant lives were largely unaffected
Compare the processes by which the Russians and Western Europeans built their empires. (p. 226)
Russians:
- empire similar to those of Western Europe in terms of conquest, settlement, exploitation, and religious conversion.
- they absorbed adjacent territories
British:
- had conquered and colonized the New World,
- They acquired those empires only after establishing themselves as distinct European states.
What were the distinctive features of Chinese empire building in the early modern era? (p. 228)
- did not have a strong military which caused them to build the Great Wall
How might you describe the significance of the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?
- controlled major trade routes
- played a central role in global affairs
How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb?
- Akbar: abolished the non-Muslim tax, supported temples, and integrated Hindus
- Aurangzeb: Reinstated the non-Muslim tax, destroyed some temples, and enforced Islamic laws.
*How did Islamic empires in this period manage their expansion and their interactions with diverse cultures?
- Used firearms and military elites for expansion.
- Tolerated Jews and Christians but limited their advancement.
- Conquered regions influenced art and architecture.
A. Identify ONE way in which the strategies of the Spanish Empire, as described above, were different from the colonial strategies of other Europeans in North America.
- The Spanish Empire converted and incoorporated Indigenous populations, but in North America, remained separate and did not prioritize conversion.
