Chapter 1 Flashcards
The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without the practice of agriculture. Such ways of living persisted well after the advent of agriculture in many places.
Patholithic Era
Perhaps the most transformative process in all of human history, these terms refer to the domestication of plants and animals, which led to both farming and pastoral societies.
Agricultural revolution
Based on an alternative kind of food-producing economy focused on the raising of livestock, _____ emerged in the Afro-Eurasian world where settled agriculture was difficult or impossible. _____ peoples often led their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.
Pastoral Society
A social system in which women have been made subordinate to men in the family and in society; often linked to the development of plow-based agriculture, intensive warfare, and private property.
Patriarchy
A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of nineteenth-century Indian reformers, it was expressed as a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity.
Hinduism
Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 b.c.e.
Upanshands
The Indian prince whose exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path to Enlightenment that became the basis for the emerging religious tradition of Buddhism; lived ca. 566–ca. 486 b.c.e
Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
“Teaching of the Elders,” the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.
Theravada Buddhism
“Great Vehicle,” the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and to compassion and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhism
Meaning “worship,” this Hindu movement began in south India and moved northward between 600 and 1300 c.e.; it involved the intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals.
Bhakti Movement
The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order
Confucianism
The Chinese dynasty (206 b.c.e.–220 c.e.) that emerged after the Qin dynasty collapsed, establishing political and cultural patterns that lasted into the twentieth century.
Han Dynasty
A Chinese philosophy or popular religion that advocates a simple and unpretentious way of living and alignment with the natural world, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.
Daoism
What was one of the strongest similarities between the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Harappan (Indus Valley), and Chinese civilizations?
located near great river system
Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of _______________________
eastern mediterranean
Which of the following regions did NOT originate an agricultural system?
western Europe
The Agricultural Revolution allowed all of the following transformations in human culture to take place EXCEPT:
a decrease in human population
What was the role of cities in the early civilizations? (3)
Cities were the center of political, economic, and cultural activity and trade.
List 2 effects of agricultural settlement and cohabitation with animals
-animal-borne diseases —technological innovation —cities,
-states,
-empires,
-civilizations
-writing and literature
In what ways did the religious tradition of South Asia change before AD 700?
- Intro to buddhism
- General evolution away from religion
- Intro to islam
To what extent were Buddhist teachings similar to Hindu beliefs? Include at least 2 similarities or differences to justify your answer.
Similarities:
- Ordinary life is an illusion
- Shared concepts of karma
- Practiced Meditation
Differences:
- Buddhism rejected spiritual caste system and sacrifices
- Rejected Brahmins
In what ways can Confucianism be defined as a secular or “humanistic” philosophy rather than a supernatural religion?
Confucian teaching was worldly and concerned with human and social relationships as well as an effective government
How did the Daoist outlook on society differ from that of Confucianism?
Daoists urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encourged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural. Confucians focused on the world of human relationships
