quiz on 10/11 Flashcards
Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes.
Silk Roads
Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209.
Mongol World War
Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294.
Khubilai Khan
Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.
Ming Dynasty
A massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia in the early fourteenth century, spreading along the trade routes within and beyond the Mongol Empire and reaching the Middle East and Western Europe by 1347. Associated with a massive loss of life.
Black Death
The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 c.e. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.
Sea Roads
A powerful state in the southern African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 c.e.
Great Zimbabwe
Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the fifteenth century c.e.; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region.
Melaka
Great Chinese admiral who commanded a huge fleet of ships in a series of voyages in the Indian Ocean that began in 1405. Intended to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system, those voyages ended abruptly in 1433 and led to no lasting Chinese imperial presence in the region.
Zheng He
A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world.
Sand Roads
Introduced to North Africa and the Sahara in the early centuries of the Common Era, this animal made trans-Saharan commerce possible by 300 to 400 c.e.
Arabian Camel
What lay behind the emergence of Silk Road commerce, and what kept it going for so many centuries?
- demand for products of the forest and the grasslands
- hard-to-find luxury goods
- RIse of Eurasion Empires
What facilitated the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads?
- Buddhism appealed to Indian merchants
- Buddhism changes making it appeal more to others by earning spiritual merit.
What were the primary influences on the process of Mongol state building?
- Temujin’s personality, charisma, military skill, and ruthlessness
- The relative weakness of Mongol opponents such as China and the Abbasid Caliphate
- The discipline, organization, and loyalty of the Mongol armies attacked their opponents with surprising quickness
What accounts for the political and military success of the Mongols?
- The Mongol army was better organized, better led, and better disciplined than the armies of its opponents.
- The Mongols made up for their small numbers by incorporating huge numbers of conquered peoples into their military forces.
- The Mongols fostered commerce.
How did Mongol rule change China? How did Mongol rulers continue using Chinese traditions to govern?
- The Mongols united a divided China.
- Made use of Chinese administrative practices, techniques of taxation, and their postal system.
- Took a Chinese dynastic title, the Yuan, and moved their capital to a new capital city known as Khanbalik, the “city of the Khan”
How did the Mongol Empire lead to cross-cultural interactions?
- The Mongols actively promoted international commerce and provided a relatively secure
environment for merchants making the journey across central Asia.
-its religious tolerance and support of merchants, facilitated the spread of religions.
To what extent did the Silk Roads and the Sea Roads operate in a similar fashion? How did they differ?
Similar:
* commerce in the creation and maintenance of the networks
*spread of ideas and technologies along the routes
*role of states along the two routes
Differences
*lack of pastoralist participation in the Sea Roads
* use of caravans versus ships
* Bulk commodity goods traded on the Sea Roads but not the Silk Roads
*direct participation of East Africa and Southeast Asia in the Sea Roads but not the Silk Roads.
What changes did trans-Saharan trade bring to West Africa?
- provided incentives and resources for the development of new and larger political structures
- established substantial urban and commercial centers where traders congregated and goods were exchanged.
How did the expansion of Islam lead to the spread of learning?
- the common Islamic language of Arabic facilitated cross-cultural communication.
- Islam placed great emphasis on learning
- rulers adopted the faith, and libraries and scientific institutions were created.
How could technological developments, such as the dhow ship, help transform the culture of the Indian Ocean region?
were adapted to the high winds allowing traders to go farther and farther, carrying with them new cultural ideas and concepts.
