Multiple choice - 12/12 Flashcards
What made Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses revolutionary
The idea that an individual could find salvation by faith alone
What facilitated the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?
Printing Press
How did the Peace of Westphalia seek to settle religious differences?
It granted the ruler of each European state the authority to control religious affairs within his own domain.
Which group had the greatest success in converting people outside Europe to Christianity?
Spanish missionaries in the Philippines
What factor made some parts of the world more receptive to Christianity than others?
The absence of a literate world religion
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between the Jesuits and the Chinese?
It was due to their mapmaking skills that Jesuits were first welcomed by the Chinese elite.
Which of the following describes a feature of the syncretic religions of African slave communities in the New World?
The identification of West African deities with Catholic saints
The goal of the Wahhabi movement was to
return to what was considered the pure faith of early Islam.
In his view of Confucianism, Wang Yangming argued that individuals ______
could find their own path to virtue and salvation.
Which form of Hinduism shared features with mystical Sufi forms of Islam?
The bhakti movement
Europeans who participated in the Scientific Revolution placed value on knowledge that was acquired through
rational inquiry based on evidence.
Scholars have identified which of the following as a key factor that contributed to the Scientific Revolution in Europe?
The relative independence of European universities
The early scientists in the Scientific Revolution
viewed science and religion as compatible.
How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?
The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.
Which of the following did all Enlightenment thinkers share?
The belief in progress and reason
How did China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire react to European science during the early modern era?
Selective adoption of European scientific learning
What did the kaozheng movement in China emphasize?
Verification, precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis in all fields of inquiry
Enlightenment thinkers described the individual as
thoughtful, rational, and independent.
Book written by Cao Xueqin that explores the life of an elite family with connections to the court; it was the most famous popular novel of mid-eighteenth-century China.
The Dream of the Red Chamber
Catholic-Protestant struggle (1618–1648) that was the culmination of European religious conflict
30 Years war
German priest; posted the 95 Theses and began the Protestant Reformation with his criticism of the Catholic Church
Martin Luthor
Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
Influential Ming thinker who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life by introspection and contemplation
Wang Yingming
Book written by Cao Xueqin that explores the life of an elite family with connections to the court
The Dream of the Red Chamber
One of India’s most beloved bhakti poets, who transgressed the barriers of caste and tradition.
mirabai
Literally, “dancing sickness”; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s
Taki Onqoy
Series of Jesuit missionaries from 1550 to 1800 who sought to understand and become integrated into Chinese culture
Jesuits in China
Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab that advocated an austere lifestyle
Wahhabi Islam
An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century stimulated in part by the Protestant Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Italian scientist who developed an improved telescope in 1609; findings undermined existing understandings of the cosmos
galileo
intellectual and cultural transformation that shaped a new conception of the material world between the 16th and 18th c.
Scientific Revolution
Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue for the existence of a sun-centered universe
copernicus
Literally, “research based on evidence”; Chinese intellectual movement critical of conventional Confucian philosophy
kaozheng
intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs
European Enlightenment
pen name of François-Marie Arouet, a French writer whose work is often taken as a model of the Enlightenment’s outlook
voltaire
French philosopher who argued that society was moving into an era of near-infinite improvability
condorcet
Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam
sikhism
Which of the following groups had a very similar reaction to the spread of Christianity as the Japanese?
A The Ming Chinese
B The Native Americans in the New World
C The people of the Philippines
D The Catholics in Spain
A The Ming Chinese
Which of the following caused the ideas expressed in the edict?
A The development of Sikhism
B The rejection of Islam in the Middle East
C The intensification of connections within hemispheres
D The desire to develop a syncretic belief system in Japan
C The intensification of connections within hemispheres
Which of the following serves as the larger context for the source?
A The spread of Buddhism into China
B The missionary outreach of Christian Europe
C The creation of Islam
D The creation of Sikhism
B The missionary outreach of Christian Europe
Which of the following was one of the effects of the situation described in the letter?
A Native Americans’ rejection of their native culture in favor of European culture
B The widespread violent rejection of the Christian faith among many Native Americans
C The rise of Native American women in the Catholic Church in the Americas
D The development of a blended religious culture in the Americas
D The development of a blended religious culture in the Americas
Which of the following aided the Europeans in fulfilling the goals described in the letter?
A The presence of Muslim Sufis in the Americas
B The exchange of domesticated foods and plants
C The spread of smallpox to the Native Americans
D The failure of the Jesuits
C The spread of smallpox to the Native Americans
In which region was Christianity most prevalent prior to the year 1700?
A) South America
B) Europe
C) Asia
D) Africa
B) Europe
In which country was the spread of Christianity in the early modern era not accompanied by European conquest?
A) Peru
B) Mexico
C) Japan
D) The Philippine Islands
C) Japan
A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to:
A reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence
C demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God
D promote religious war against fellow Christians
A) reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church:
A had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land
B had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity
C had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism
D had become corrupted by power
D) had become corrupted by power
A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that:
A papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany
B political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community
C the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support
D the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents
B) political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community
