Short Answer 12/13 Flashcards
Discuss the long and short term causes of the Protestant Reformation.
Long-term:
- Criticisms of the Church
- Luxurious lifestyles of the popes.
- The sale of indulgences.
- Other controversial practices within church life.
Short-term:
- Personal Spiritual Struggles
- Key Theological Shift
How did Luther’s understanding of salvation challenge the Catholic Church of the 16th century?
- rejected its role as the intermediary between God and believers and caused a schism
- In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics? (p. 264)
- Sparked violence, war, and eventual coexistence.
- Weakened the pope’s authority, fostering skepticism of tradition.
- Encouraged individual scripture reading and personal salvation.
How did the printing press impact the spread of Protestantism and the divisions within it? (p. 266)
- helped spread new ideas across Europe, letting more people learn about them
- It also made it easier for people to challenge the Catholic Church and start new religions.
What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world?
- Islam spread by blending Islamic practices with local religions.
- Wandering holy men, scholars, and traders helped Islam grow peacefully.
How did Islam change as the religion spread to new regions?
women were allowed to have larger roles.
What caused the cultural changes that took place in India during the early modern period?
the formation of a state cult under Akbar and the rise of Bhakti and Sikhism.
- What conflicts did the Scientific Revolution cause in Europe? (p. 280)
- church doctrine and scientific discoveries, leading to tensions.
- The Church persecuted people who published works that went against its teachings.
What factors help to explain the birth of modern science in Europe?
- Increased connectivity because it exchanged scientific knowledge and advancements; European colonization because it led to new societies, lands, and curiosity.
Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world?
Europe:
- had universities, learned from other cultures, and gained new ideas from exploring
Islamic:
- science wasn’t a big focus
China:
- education focused more on Confucianism and civil service exams than science.
In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of European thinking?
- Introduced a new approach based on human reason and natural laws.
- Questioned authority
- skeptical of established religion.
- Criticized the Church
- Promoted the idea of progress
- Advocated for improving society
What factors drive cultural change?
Internal factors:
-Political and social movements leading to reforms in dominant religions
External factors:
- Introduction of new cultures through trade and colonization
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‘anges of the early modern era associated with sharp social or political conflicts?
- Cultural changes often started conflict.
- Competing visions of Islam led to the rise of Wahhabi Islam.
- The Protestant Reformation sparked the Thirty Years’ War and other conflicts
A. Explain ONE piece of historical evidence that would support Kaplan’s argument that the Roman Catholic Church transformed itself during the early modern era.
- The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Counter-Reformation.
- Took action against corruption within the Church.
- Established the Jesuits to train missionaries and renew the Church’s influence.
B. Explain ONE piece of historical evidence that would contradict Kaplan’s argument that the Roman Catholic Church transformed itself during the early modern era.
The church did not completely transform. It kept the hierarchy of the pope and priests.
