Shock

Question 1

Define shock

Answer 1

an abnormality of the circulatory system, resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation

Question 2

Equation for mean arterial blood pressure

Answer 2

MAP = CO X SVR

Question 3

Define cardiac output

Answer 3

• the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle by the heart per minute

Question 4

Define Stroke Volume

Answer 4

• the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle by the heart per heart beat

Question 5

What 3 factors effect stroke volume?

Answer 5

• contraction of ventricle
• preload
• afterload

Question 6

Define preload

Answer 6

• how much blood is in ventricles before contraction

Question 7

Define afterload

Answer 7

• the pressure required to open the aortic valve

Question 8

Describe the flow of hypovolaemic shock

Answer 8

• -> loss of blood
• -> decreased blood volume
• -> decreased venous return
• -> decreased end diastolic volume
• -> decreased stroke volume
• -> decreased CO and BP
• -> Inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 9

Describe the flow of cardiogenic shock

Answer 9

• -> decreased cardiac contractility
• -> decreased stroke volume
• -> decreased cardiac output
• -> decreased BP
• -> Inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 10

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 10

• sustained hypotension by decreased cardiac contractility

Question 11

Describe the flow in a tension pneumothorax

Answer 11

• -> increased intrathoracic pressure
• -> decreased venous return
• -> decreased end diastolic volume
• -> decreased stroke volume
• -> decreased CO
• -> decreased BP
• -> Inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 12

Describe the flow in neurogenic shock

Answer 12

• -> loss of sympathetic tone
• -> massive venous and arterial vasodilation
• -> decreased venous return
• -> decreased heart rate
• -> decreased cardiac output
• -> inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 13

Treatment of shock

Answer 13

• High flow oxygen
• volume replacement
• intropes for cardiogenic shock
• ABCDE

Question 14

Define syncope

Answer 14

• transient loss in conciousness, defined by its rapid onset, short duration and almost complete recovery

Question 15

What are the 3 main categories of syncope?

Answer 15

• reflex syncope
• cardiac syncope
• orthostatic hypotension

Question 16

What are the 3 subcatergories of reflex syncopes?

Answer 16

• vasovagal
• carotid sinus
• situational

Question 17

Explain a vasovagal

Answer 17

• most common

- trigger e.g. blood or emotion

Question 18

Explain a carotid sinus syncope

Answer 18

• any manipulation to the neck or head

- tends to be in the elderly

Question 19

Explain a situational syncope

Answer 19

• immediately after a specific trigger e.g. cough

Question 20

Explain a cardiac syncope

Answer 20

• caused by a cardiac event, resulting in a sudden drop in cardiac outtput
• may be during excretion