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Cardiovascular > Arrhythmias > Flashcards

Arrhythmias Flashcards

1
Q

Define supraventricular arrhythmia?

A
  • above the ventricles

- SAN, Atrial muscle, AVN

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2
Q

Explain ventricular arrhythmia

A
  • arises from within the ventricles
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3
Q

Explain atrioventricular arrhythmias

A
  • AVN

- e.g. AV re-entry

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4
Q

What are some causes of arrhythmias?

A
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
  • accessory pathways
  • congenital heart defects
  • ANS
  • inflammation
  • drugs
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5
Q

What is an ectopic beat?

A
  • beats or rhythm that originates in places other than SA node
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6
Q

Explain a re-entry arrhythmia?

A
  • requires more than one conduction pathway
  • 2 different speeds
  • 2 different refractory periods
  • fast conduction, long refractory
  • slow conduction, short refractory
  • premature beat
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7
Q

What investigation should be done into arrythmias?

A
  • 12 lead ECG
  • CXR
  • echo
  • 24hr hotler monitor
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8
Q

Explain sinus bradycardia?

A
  • HR<60bpm
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9
Q

What drug could be given to someone with bradycardia?

A
  • atropine
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10
Q

Explain sinus tachycardia?

A
  • HR> 100bpm
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11
Q

What drug could be given to someone with tachycardia?

A
  • b-blockers
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12
Q

Explain radiofrequency catheter ablation?

A
  • insertion of ECG catheter in femerol vein

- catherter placed over focus and heated

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13
Q

Explain first degree heart block?

A
  • prolonged PR interval

- constant interval

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14
Q

What is a normal PR interval?

A
  1. 12-0.20 seconds

- less than 5 small squares

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15
Q

Explain 2nd degree heart block mobitz 1

A
  • prolonged PR interval, gradually gets longer

- beat dropped

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16
Q

Explain 2nd degree heart block mobitz 2

A
  • prolonged PR interval, remains constant

- beat dropped

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of 2nd degree heart blocks?

A
  • mobitz 1

- mobitz 2

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18
Q

What would ventricular tachycardia look like?

A
  • prolonged QRS complex

- treat with DCCV (direct current cardioversion)

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19
Q

What is 3rd degree heart block?

A
  • the P waves and QRS are completely independant of each other
  • they are at regular intervals though
  • ventricular pacing is required
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20
Q

How are cardiac arrhythmias generated?

A
  • alterations in impulse formation

- abnormalities in impulse conduction

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21
Q

Explain overdrive suppression?

A
  • SA node the dominant pacemaker, over the AV node and purkinje fibres
22
Q

What are latent pacemakers?

A
  • AV node

- purkinje fibres

23
Q

Explain an escape beat

A
  • SA node pathologically low
  • latent pacemaker generates an escape beat
  • may give rise to an escape rhythm
24
Q

Explain an ectopic beat

A
  • Latent pacemaker firing at a faster rate than the SA node

- may created an ectopic rhythm

25
Q

What causes premature action potentials?

A
  • afterdepolarizations that have sufficient amplitude to reach threshold
26
Q

What are the 2 types of afterdepolarizations?

A
  • early afterdepolarisations (EADs)

- Delayed afterdepolarisations (DADs)

27
Q

What does repeated afterdepolrisations result in?

A
  • arrhythmias
28
Q

EADs are likely to occur when the heart rate is _____

A
  • slow
29
Q

EADs often occur in the _____

A
  • prukinje fibres
30
Q

Torsades de pointes is an example of a _____ afterdepolarisation?

A
  • early afterdepolarisation
31
Q

DADs are likely to occur when the heart rate is _____

A
  • fast
32
Q

What are the 2 types of AV block?

A
  • Partial AV block

- Complete AV block

33
Q

What is first degree AV block?

A
  • slowed conduction

- long PR interval

34
Q

Explain complete AV block?

A
  • no impulses are conducted through the affected area

- third degree AV block

35
Q

What drug could be given to slow down conduction velocity?

A
  • Na+ blocker

- class 1 drugs

36
Q

What drug could be given to extend refractory period?

A
  • K+ blocker
37
Q

What is an example accessory tract pathway?

A
  • Bundle of Kent
38
Q

Irregulary irregular defines what?

A
  • Atrial fibrillation

- AF

39
Q

What does paroxysmal AF mean?

A
  • less than 48 hours
40
Q

What does peristent AF mean?

A
  • greater than 48 hours
41
Q

What does permenant AF mean?

A
  • unable for pharmacological ability to restore
42
Q

What causes AF?

A
  • ectopic foci
43
Q

What are some associated diseases of AF?

A
  • Hypertension
  • obesity
  • congestive heart failure
  • alcohol abuse
44
Q

What are the symptoms of AF?

A
  • May be asymptomatic
  • palpitations
  • syncope
45
Q

What drug should be given to AF patients as a precaution?

A
  • anti-coagulation
46
Q

What rate control drugs can be given to AF patients?

A
  • digoxin
  • beta blockers
  • verampril
47
Q

What rhythm control drugs and treatments can be given to AF patients?

A
  • amiodarone
  • DCCV
  • catheter ablation
48
Q

Atrial flutter is an example of atrial _____

A
  • tachycardia
49
Q

In atrial flutter thhe circuit is confined to the _____

A
  • right atrium
50
Q

What appearance does atrial flutter have on the ECG?

A
  • Saw tooth appearance

Cardiovascular (26 decks)

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