SFP: valves and vessels Flashcards
Clinically, what does aortic stenosis cause?
Systolic ejection murmur
People with __ valves are more prone to calcific aortic stenosis.
Bicuspid
What are some issues with calcific aortic stenosis?
Ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, poor perfusion
Clinically, what does mitral valve prolapse cause?
Mid-systolic click
Who is predisposed to mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?
People with connective tissue disorders
What issues are associated with MVP?
Mitral insufficiency, heart failure, death (rare)
Acute rheumatic disease is often in the __.
Myocardium
Chronic rheumatic disease is often in the…
Valves
Which layers can rheumatic heart disease impact?
Any of them
Rheumatic heart disease is caused by what pathogen?
Strep pyogenes
Describe acts rheumatic valvulitis.
Little red beads along the valve closure; this can eventually lead to stenosis
Describe rheumatic heart disease in the myocardium.
Describe rheumatic heart disease in the pericardium.
Rheumatic pericarditis
What is an Aschoff nodule?
A collection of activated macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. This is seen as a result of rheumatic myocarditis
Where do we commonly see Aschoff nodules?
The myocardium, but they can be in any layer
If someone has mitral stenosis, what is a common cause?
Rheumatic heart disease
Describe acute endocarditis.
Medical emergency! Cardio collapse, high fever, etc.
Describe subacute endocarditis.
Not as serious, symptoms wax and wane
What valves does infective endocarditis tend to target?
Predisposed valves
What presentation does infective endocarditis cause?
Bulky, friable vegetations
People with normal valves are most likely to get infective endocarditis from..
Staph aureus
Acute endocarditis tends to be from…
Staph aureus
Subacute endocarditis tends to be from…
Strep viridans
What valve does Strep viridans prefer?
Abnormal ones
In what case do we see tricuspid valve infective endocarditis?
IV drug use with Staph aureus
In what case do we give preventative antibiotics for Strep viridans?
Immunocompromised people having dental work
What are some indicators of infective endocarditis?
Meningitis, Osler nodes (painful purple bumps), Janeway lesions (flat, bloody patches on the palms and soles), and splinter hemorrhages
What tends to cause nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Fibrin and platelets
Can nonbacterial endocarditis make you septic?
No, completely sterile
What are common features of someone with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
They’re typically in a hypercoagulable state
What valves is nonbacterial endocarditis drawn to?
Normal
What are complications of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Emboli/infarctions
Can endocarditis from lupus cause sepsis?
No
What part of the valve does endocarditis caused by lupus impact?
Can be anywhere, and is often on both sides of the valve
What valve is most commonly replaced?
Aortic
Valve replacements make you prone to..
Endocarditis
What is a common complication of prosthetic valve placement?
Hemolysis
What is a ‘true aneurysm’?
A full thickness dilation of a vessel
What is a dissection?
A tear in the intima; the vessel is not necessarily dilated
What is the most common vessel for aneurysms?
Aorta
What is the main risk factor for aneurysm?
Atherosclerosis
What is the main risk factor for dissection?
HTN
What is a mycotic aneurysm?
Due to infection
What happens at cellular level in an aneurysm?
The metalloproteinases in the matrix degrade it faster than it can be built and lead to weakness in the structure
Syphilis can cause a…
Ascending aortic aneurysm
