missed stuff pt 2

Question 1

Ketone bodies are derived from acetyl CoA. What is the primary source of this acetyl CoA?

Answer 1

fatty acids

Question 2

what are some important things derived from activated isoprenes?

Answer 2

dolichol, coenzyme Q or ubiquinone, carotinoids, and protein anchor lipids

Question 3

when do you not use nitroprusside

Answer 3

primary HTN; it can’t be given long term

Question 4

what is the MOA of minoxidil

Answer 4

Minoxidil activates potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle, which results in hyperpolarization and delayed activation of L-Type calcium channels to influx extracellular calcium

Question 5

what is the MOA of fenoldopam

Answer 5

Fenoldopam is a D1 dopamine receptor agonist (GPCR coupled to Gs and cAMP in vascular smooth muscle) used to cause vasodilation in emergency control of blood pressure

Question 6

A 50 year old man presents to clinic because his right calf cramps when he walks more than a mile. Currently, it does not compromise his activities but he wants to be pro-active in his health care. He reports compliance with daily aspirin and statin therapy. You explain that he has peripheral artery disease with intermittent claudication and because of this disease, his greatest health risk over the next five years is

Answer 6

MI/stroke

Question 7

While autopsy studies have determined that atheromatous disease begins in adolescence, what percentage of patients greater than 70 years of age have symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Answer 7

30%

Question 8

which arrhythmias can be solved by walking around

Answer 8

AVNRT and AVRT

Question 9

how is bloodflow to the heart changes with exercise

Answer 9

it isnt!

Question 10

During aerobic exercise, blood flow to vascular beds in the muscles being exercised is due to

Answer 10

local metabolites (protons, lactate, CO2) causing vasodilation

Question 11

what medication is contraindicated in variant angina

Answer 11

beta blockers

Question 12

Several factors, including increased preload, increased afterload, higher contractility, and faster heart rate, causes the myocardial workload, and therefore, myocardial oxygen demand, to increase. What mechanism is the most likely means by which blood flow to the myocardium can adequately supply this increased demand

Answer 12

increasing coronary flow

Question 13

A 23-year-old female is weight training and keeps on adding weight to achieve isometricity while doing bicep curls. Within 2 minutes of exerting this effort, she experiences a sharp pain in the biceps that slowly recedes after she dropped the barbell. What is the most likely reason for her experiencing the muscle pain

Answer 13

muscle constricting small vessels

Question 14

what are the anterior and posterior landmarks of the carina

Answer 14

Anteriorly the sternal angle, posteriorly at T-4

Question 15

a murmur is described as blowing decrescendo in early diastole. what is it?

Answer 15

aortic regurgitation

Question 16

how does inspiration impact the murmur heard with tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 16

increases it

Question 17

what would an increased hepatojugular reflex indicate

Answer 17

issues with the right heart, pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

Question 18

in the presence of asthma, which drug class would you use to treat angina

Answer 18

CCBs

Question 19

why is nifedipine not a great drug to treat angina

Answer 19

it reduces afterload and thus causes reflex tachycardia, which may make the symptoms worse

Question 20

when would someone use milrinone

Answer 20

in late heart failure or as bridge therapy

Question 21

how does hypothyroidism impact lipid disorders

Answer 21

it prevents LDLR receptors from functioning, increasing LDL

Question 22

where are myxomas usually located? what is their character?

Answer 22

the left atrium; goopy and gelatinous

Question 23

a patient has a tumor in their right ventricle with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. what is it

Answer 23

angiosarcoma

Question 24

what are aschoff bodies?

Answer 24

cells in the acute phase of rheumatic heart disease

Question 25

describe heart complications of turners syndrome

Answer 25

can cause a bicuspid valve with vegetations as well as aortic coarctation

Question 26

post-op abscess puts someone at risk for what complication

Answer 26

aortic aneurysm

Question 27

what is the best method for diagnosing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 27

an echo

Question 28

what is the most common tumor in the adult heart

Answer 28

a metastatic one!

Question 29

What pathologic feature do myxomas and mural thrombi have in common?

Answer 29

tendency to embolize

Question 30

which two tumors can undergo spontaenous regression

Answer 30

rhabdomyomas and capillary hemangiomas

Question 31

what 3 conditions do you rule out before considering familial hypercholesterolemia

Answer 31

hypothyroidism/hashimotos, nephrotic syndrome, and obstructive liver disease

Question 32

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy preferentially thickens which part of the heart

Answer 32

the septum

Question 33

loefflers endocarditis leads to what kind of cardiomyopathy

Answer 33

restrictive

Question 34

a patient with a history of cancer has heart vegitations. what likely caused them?

Answer 34

fibrin and platelets, aka marantic endocarditis

Question 35

what environment is associated with marantic endocarditis

Answer 35

hypercoagulable state/history of cancer