SFP: congenital heart failure

Question 1

What is a left to right shunt?

Answer 1

Taking oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart and moving it to the right side.

Question 2

What is the major issue with left to right shunts?

Answer 2

Increased volume and pressure in the right side of the heart leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension.

Question 3

What are some major examples of left to right shunts?

Answer 3

Atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus.

Question 4

T or F: left to right shunts are strictly pathologic?

Answer 4

False! They can be therapeutic.

Question 5

What is the most common congenital heart disease in adulthood?

Answer 5

ASD.

Question 6

What causes ASD?

Answer 6

Incomplete fusion of the foramen ovale.

Question 7

A defect in the ostium secundum indicates a…

Answer 7

ASD.

Question 8

What condition can cause paradoxical emboli?

Answer 8

ASD.

Question 9

What is the most common congenital disease at birth?

Answer 9

Ventricular septal defect.

Question 10

Which tends to be more problematic: VSD or ASD?

Answer 10

VSD.

Question 11

What is eisenmengers syndrome?

Answer 11

VSD with shunt reversal.

Question 12

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 12

A shunt between the pulmonary artery and aorta stays open instead of closing after birth.

Question 13

What kind of murmur is heart with patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 13

Machine-like murmur.

Question 14

What factors can cause patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 14

Prematurity and congenital rubella.

Question 15

T or F: patent ductus arteriosus can be therapeutic?

Answer 15

True!

Question 16

Trisomy 21 increases risk for…

Answer 16

VSD, ASD, PDA, and endocardial cushion.

Question 17

What is an endocardial cushion defect?

Answer 17

Essentially a combination of ASD and VSD. It can be seen often in those with downs syndrome.

Question 18

Cyanosis is often seen in…

Answer 18

Right to left congenital heart defects.

Question 19

T or F: right to left shunts are always pathologic?

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

Describe tetralogy of fallot.

Answer 20

A right to left shunt issue involving 4 factors: 1. Pulmonic stenosis 2. Right ventricle hypertrophy 3. VSD 4. Overriding aorta.

Question 21

Describe transposition of great arteries.

Answer 21

The aorta and pulmonary arteries are switched. Unoxygenated blood pumps through the aorta to the body, while oxygenated blood pumps through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

Question 22

How can the body make transposition of great arteries survivable?

Answer 22

Patent ductus arteriosum or ASD.

Question 23

Describe truncus arteriosus.

Answer 23

There is no separation between the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Question 24

Describe tricuspid atresia.

Answer 24

The right atrium is shut off from the right ventricle.

Question 25

What is total anomalous pulmonary venous return?

Answer 25

Pulmonary veins empty into the vena cava instead of the left atrium.

Question 26

What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Answer 26

Left chambers are super tiny, making the right predominant.

Question 27

What is the most common malformation seen alongside coarctation?

Answer 27

Bicuspid aortic valve.

Question 28

What are clinical symptoms of coarctations?

Answer 28

Discrepant pulse pressure and cyanosis.

Question 29

What is coarctation?

Answer 29

A form of obstruction caused by narrowing of a vessel.

Question 30

Rib notching can be seen in ___?

Answer 30

Coarctation.

Question 31

Coarctation is seen more often in __ (M vs F)?

Answer 31

Males.

Question 32

What condition predisposes women to coarctation?

Answer 32

Turners’ syndrome.

Question 33

Those with turner’s syndrome with coarctation are more prone to…

Answer 33

Aortic dissection, bicuspid aortic valve, and cystic medial degeneration.

Question 34

What defect can cause claudication?

Answer 34

Coarctation.