SFA MODULE 2 (INFECTION) Flashcards
1
Q
The term incisional surgical site infection (SSI) refers to infection involving:
A
Only the incision
2
Q
The most common organisms isolated from SSIs are:
A
S. aureus, staphylococcus, enterococcus, and pseudomonas
3
Q
Skin provides the first line of defense. Opening the skin, either surgically or traumatically, potentiates:
A
Infection
4
Q
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a strain of S. aureus resistant to:
A
Methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, and cephalosporins
5
Q
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms (MAROs) are most often transmitted by:
A
the hands of healthcare workers
6
Q
When enteric bacilli are the causative agent in SSI, it is more often a result of:
A
endogenous flora
7
Q
Prophylactic antibiotics are usually not indicated in:
A
clean procedures
8
Q
Unless the patient has an allergy to it, the antibiotic of choice for systemic prophylaxis is:
A
cefazolin
9
Q
The most frequent route of transmission of hepatitis B virus is:
A
percutaneous
10
Q
An important transmission precaution for herpes viruses is:
A
wearing gloves
11
Q
Following exposure to hepatitis B virus, the SFA should receive:
A
immune serum globulin
12
Q
Standard precautions (universal precautions) apply to:
A
All body fluids, secretions, and excretions
13
Q
Airborne precautions require the use of:
A
A negative-pressure room and an HEPA filter respirator
14
Q
Contact precautions apply to epidemiologically important pathogens transmitted by
A
direct and indirect contact
15
Q
An infection that develops while staying in the hospital is considered to be a:
A
nosocomial
16
Q
Most incisional infections are caused by this factor:
A
the patients flora
17
Q
Each of the following is known to help prevent infection EXCEPT:
Tears
Saliva
Osteoblasts
Mucous membranes
A
osteoblasts
18
Q
The anaerobic bacterium that causes gas gangrene:
A
Clostridium perfringens
19
Q
The first physician to practice aseptic technique was:
A
joseph lister
20
Q
The smallest microbiological organism is a:
A
Virus
21
Q
Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be:
A
aerobic
22
Q
Spiral-shaped bacteria are identified as:
A
spirilli
23
Q
A valuable laboratory ally in identification of bacteria is:
A
gram stain
24
Q
Rod-shaped bacteria belong to the genus:
A
bacillus
25
All of the following descriptors refer to the inflammatory process EXCEPT:
Heat
Pain
Vasoconstriction
Edema
vasoconstriction
26
the study of microorganisms or microbes that are only visible with a microscope
microbiology
27
uni-cellular organism that do not require living tissue to survive
bacteria
28
Curved and Linear Rod Shaped uni-cellular microorganism
Bacilli
29
Coiled or Wavy Line Shaped uni-cellular microorganism
Spiral
Spirochete (axial filament)
Spirilla (flagella)
30
Spherical Shaped uni-cellular mircoorganism
cocci
diplo=pairs
strept(to) = chains
staph(ylo)=irregular grapelike clusters
Tetrads = group in a packet/square of 4
Palisad = lying together w/ long side paralells
31
Difference in thickness of peptidpglycan in cell wall
gram-negative vs gram-positive
32
outside cell wall of gram +
outside cell membrane of gram -
-provides protection and adhesive properties
-interferes with phagocytosis
-found on some not all bacteria
*slime wall has same functions but is not chemically organized and can be easily washed off
External capsule or a slime layer of bacteria
33
inside cell wall of gram =
both sides of cell wall gram -
-semi-permeable, selectively controls movement of nutrients
-some metabolic processes take place
cell membrane
34
outer rigid structure supporting structure that provides shape to bacteria
can wither be gram-negative or gram-positive depending on the difference of the peptoglycan present in structure
cell wall
35
a mixed polymer of hexose sugars cross-linked by peptide fragments
peptoglycan
36
provides movement for bacterial cells
flagella
37
usually found on gram (-)
assist in attachment of bacteria to tissues
allows for a drag across surgaces
pillia and fimbrial
38
contains chromosomes containing DNA, ribosomes, RNA, plasmids
cytoplasm
39
circular dna fragments that are important for exchange of genetic info and contain info conveying drug resistance.
plasmids
40
secreted by some bacteria that interfere with systems and break down proteins
toxins/enzymes
41
produced by gram + bacteria
diffuse thru body fluids
interfere with nerve conduction
exotoxins
42
produced by gram + bacteria
stimulate vomiting center and cause gastrointestinal distress
stimulate anti-body and anti-toxin that can be used as toxoids to induce an immune response
enterotoxins
43
present in call wall of gram+
release after cell dies
mild cause : fever, general weakness
severe cause: increased capillary permeability, decreases vascular fluid and shock
endotoxins
44
produced by some bacteria and offer damage tot he host tissue/cells. usually breaks down something
enzymes
45
enzyme comes from hemolytic streptococcic
hemolysin
46
enzyme that breaks down collagen found in muscle, bones and connecticve tissues
collagenase
47
enzyme that dissolves blot clots
streptokinase
48
process which bacteria duplicate
binary fission
49
latent form of the bacterium coating that is highly resistant to heat.
survive in this state for a long period of time
can not reproduce in this state until bacteria reach a vegetative state
endospores
50
Cause bacteria growth to slow down and become stationary : (factors affecting growth)
- insufficient nutrients & oxygen
-increased metabolic wastes in the area
-change in pH or temp
51
Stages of binary Fission in Vegetative State
DNA duplicates -> cell divides -> 2 daughter cells are created -> daughter cells divide and continue dividing until max population state is met
52
stages of binary fission if spore formation has occurred:
Adverse conditions are present -> dna duplicates -> cell membrane grows inward and seals itself off -> multiple resistant layers form strong coat around DNA -> old cell breaks down and spore is released
once exposed to a strong environment like the human body, the spore enters a vegetative state and sheds resistant coat and proceeds thru normal binary fission
53
a very small intracellular parasite that requires a living host for replication
virus
54
extracellular form of a virus particle
viron
consist of protein coat, capsid, and core of DNA /RNA
55
How are viruses classified/named?
Its nucleic acid content and its form
56
stages of viral process are:
infection of person and attachment to host cell -> Viral DNA/RNA take over host cell and use its metabolic processes to produce the viral proteins -> new viruses are assembled and release by either Lysis or Budding from a cell membrane
Lysis / Budding destroy the host cell allowing the contents to spread to other local cells and repeating the process.
57
How does an intracellular virus work?
Alters the host cells chromosomes leading to the coding and replication of malignant cells or cancer
58
What are the three groups of microorganisms that have both bacterial and virus like properties?
They reproduce by binary fission but require a living host
Chlamydiae : lack enzymes, replicates thru the use of elementary bodies (EB) {possess cell walls and can bind to epithelial cells} or reticulate bodies (RB) {noninfectious and use host cells to make ATP and produce obligate intracellular organisms). RB can form EB thus destroying host cell and spreading disease.
Rickettsiae: Tiny gram (-) bacteria in host cells that are transmitted by insect such as lice and ticks. They attack blood vessel walls causing hemmorhages.
Mycoplasma -causes pnuemmonia, lacks a cell wall and can have an shape. these are the smallest cellular microbes
59
long filaments or strands of a fungus
hyphae
60
often found on dead organic matter
infections result from single celled yeasts/multi-celled molds
eukaryotic
Fungi
61
(athlete's foot) result from fungus invading superficial layers of skin
Tinea Pedis
62
normally present on the skin surface.
imbalances in normal flora result in infection such as thrush and vaginal infections
in immunodeficient patients it can cause chronic infection
Candida (yeast)
63
a fungus causing lung infection from inhalation contaminated dust/soil particles
Histoplasma
64
causes pnuemonia and has been both classified and a fungus and protazoa
pnrumocystis carnii
65
complex eukaryotic organism that is unicellular, motile and lacks a cell membrane.
can live independently on dead organic matter or as a parasite on a living host.
protazoa
66
a Protozoa based STI of the reproductive tracts of men and women attaching to mucous membranes and causing inflammation
Trichomoniasis
67
Plasmodium species that is non-motile sporozoa transmitted by the the female Anopheles mosquito
Malaria
68
Entamoeba Histolytica -> trophozites that secretes enzymes that break down the intestinal mucosa causing diarrhea and live cysts if it finds it way into the portal circulation
Amebic Dysentery
69
the mobile group of the protazoas. they move by extending part of the cytoplasm and flowing forward
Ameobas
70
worm or parasite that cause infections to the intestinal mucosa
helminth
71
Protein like microbe that causes infection that is transmitted by consumption of tissues/muscle/brain/donor tissues that was contaminated with the protein present
causes the proteins in the brain to fold and change shape and causes neural degenerative disease
Prion
Human example: Cruetzfield-Jakob
Animal example: bovine spongiform encephalopathy
72
eukaryotic microorganism found widespread in fresh and marine waters
algae
big concern to humans is the toxin buildup in the sealife that we eat that ate the algae
73
the bacteria / mixed bacteria that are hosted by different sites on the body
resident flora
74
Sterile sites of the body:
lungs, bran, blood, bladder, kidneys, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary
75
infection that occurs as a result of an imbalance in the body's resident flora
opportunistic
76
consistently occurring infections in a population
endemic
77
infection occurring outside their normal geographic location or at higher than normal #'s
epidemic
78
an epidemic of infectious disease that reaches world wide
pandemic
79
the source of infection that can be a person who is an active infection or appears to be asymptomatic. this can also be an animal, water, soil, or food source
reservoir
80
Modes of transportation from the reservoir to the new host:
Direct Contact - direct touch to the person, sore or transmission across membrane such as mother to child in utero
Indirect Contact - object surface that person has touched, food source
Droplet- oral/respiratory salivary secretions expelled from the body. tuberculosis
Aerosol: small particle from the respiratory tract into the air
Vector-Borne: insect or animal in the intermediary host
81
a person who has the micro-biome of the infection but never actually develops infection
carrier
82
Hospital acquired infection
nosocomial
83
proteins produced by human host cells in response to viral invasion of the cell
interferons
84
the capacity of microbes to cause disease
pathogenicity
85
the degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe
virulence
