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SFA Questions > SFA MODULE 2 (INFECTION) > Flashcards

SFA MODULE 2 (INFECTION) Flashcards

1
Q

The term incisional surgical site infection (SSI) refers to infection involving:

A

Only the incision

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2
Q

The most common organisms isolated from SSIs are:

A

S. aureus, staphylococcus, enterococcus, and pseudomonas

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3
Q

Skin provides the first line of defense. Opening the skin, either surgically or traumatically, potentiates:

A

Infection

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4
Q

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a strain of S. aureus resistant to:

A

Methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, and cephalosporins

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5
Q

Multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms (MAROs) are most often transmitted by:

A

the hands of healthcare workers

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6
Q

When enteric bacilli are the causative agent in SSI, it is more often a result of:

A

endogenous flora

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7
Q

Prophylactic antibiotics are usually not indicated in:

A

clean procedures

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8
Q

Unless the patient has an allergy to it, the antibiotic of choice for systemic prophylaxis is:

A

cefazolin

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9
Q

The most frequent route of transmission of hepatitis B virus is:

A

percutaneous

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10
Q

An important transmission precaution for herpes viruses is:

A

wearing gloves

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11
Q

Following exposure to hepatitis B virus, the SFA should receive:

A

immune serum globulin

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12
Q

Standard precautions (universal precautions) apply to:

A

All body fluids, secretions, and excretions

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13
Q

Airborne precautions require the use of:

A

A negative-pressure room and an HEPA filter respirator

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14
Q

Contact precautions apply to epidemiologically important pathogens transmitted by

A

direct and indirect contact

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15
Q

An infection that develops while staying in the hospital is considered to be a:

A

nosocomial

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16
Q

Most incisional infections are caused by this factor:

A

the patients flora

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17
Q

Each of the following is known to help prevent infection EXCEPT:

Tears

Saliva

Osteoblasts

Mucous membranes

A

osteoblasts

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18
Q

The anaerobic bacterium that causes gas gangrene:

A

Clostridium perfringens

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19
Q

The first physician to practice aseptic technique was:

A

joseph lister

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20
Q

The smallest microbiological organism is a:

A

Virus

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21
Q

Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be:

A

aerobic

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22
Q

Spiral-shaped bacteria are identified as:

A

spirilli

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23
Q

A valuable laboratory ally in identification of bacteria is:

A

gram stain

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24
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria belong to the genus:

A

bacillus

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25
Q

All of the following descriptors refer to the inflammatory process EXCEPT:
Heat

Pain

Vasoconstriction

Edema

A

vasoconstriction

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26
Q

the study of microorganisms or microbes that are only visible with a microscope

A

microbiology

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27
Q

uni-cellular organism that do not require living tissue to survive

A

bacteria

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28
Q

Curved and Linear Rod Shaped uni-cellular microorganism

A

Bacilli

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29
Q

Coiled or Wavy Line Shaped uni-cellular microorganism

A

Spiral

Spirochete (axial filament)
Spirilla (flagella)

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30
Q

Spherical Shaped uni-cellular mircoorganism

A

cocci

diplo=pairs
strept(to) = chains
staph(ylo)=irregular grapelike clusters
Tetrads = group in a packet/square of 4
Palisad = lying together w/ long side paralells

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31
Q

Difference in thickness of peptidpglycan in cell wall

A

gram-negative vs gram-positive

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32
Q

outside cell wall of gram +
outside cell membrane of gram -
-provides protection and adhesive properties
-interferes with phagocytosis
-found on some not all bacteria

*slime wall has same functions but is not chemically organized and can be easily washed off

A

External capsule or a slime layer of bacteria

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33
Q

inside cell wall of gram =
both sides of cell wall gram -
-semi-permeable, selectively controls movement of nutrients
-some metabolic processes take place

A

cell membrane

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34
Q

outer rigid structure supporting structure that provides shape to bacteria
can wither be gram-negative or gram-positive depending on the difference of the peptoglycan present in structure

A

cell wall

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35
Q

a mixed polymer of hexose sugars cross-linked by peptide fragments

A

peptoglycan

36
Q

provides movement for bacterial cells

A

flagella

37
Q

usually found on gram (-)
assist in attachment of bacteria to tissues
allows for a drag across surgaces

A

pillia and fimbrial

38
Q

contains chromosomes containing DNA, ribosomes, RNA, plasmids

A

cytoplasm

39
Q

circular dna fragments that are important for exchange of genetic info and contain info conveying drug resistance.

A

plasmids

40
Q

secreted by some bacteria that interfere with systems and break down proteins

A

toxins/enzymes

41
Q

produced by gram + bacteria
diffuse thru body fluids
interfere with nerve conduction

A

exotoxins

42
Q

produced by gram + bacteria
stimulate vomiting center and cause gastrointestinal distress
stimulate anti-body and anti-toxin that can be used as toxoids to induce an immune response

A

enterotoxins

43
Q

present in call wall of gram+
release after cell dies
mild cause : fever, general weakness
severe cause: increased capillary permeability, decreases vascular fluid and shock

A

endotoxins

44
Q

produced by some bacteria and offer damage tot he host tissue/cells. usually breaks down something

A

enzymes

45
Q

enzyme comes from hemolytic streptococcic

A

hemolysin

46
Q

enzyme that breaks down collagen found in muscle, bones and connecticve tissues

A

collagenase

47
Q

enzyme that dissolves blot clots

A

streptokinase

48
Q

process which bacteria duplicate

A

binary fission

49
Q

latent form of the bacterium coating that is highly resistant to heat.
survive in this state for a long period of time
can not reproduce in this state until bacteria reach a vegetative state

A

endospores

50
Q

Cause bacteria growth to slow down and become stationary : (factors affecting growth)

A
  • insufficient nutrients & oxygen
    -increased metabolic wastes in the area
    -change in pH or temp
51
Q

Stages of binary Fission in Vegetative State

A

DNA duplicates -> cell divides -> 2 daughter cells are created -> daughter cells divide and continue dividing until max population state is met

52
Q

stages of binary fission if spore formation has occurred:

A

Adverse conditions are present -> dna duplicates -> cell membrane grows inward and seals itself off -> multiple resistant layers form strong coat around DNA -> old cell breaks down and spore is released

once exposed to a strong environment like the human body, the spore enters a vegetative state and sheds resistant coat and proceeds thru normal binary fission

53
Q

a very small intracellular parasite that requires a living host for replication

A

virus

54
Q

extracellular form of a virus particle

A

viron
consist of protein coat, capsid, and core of DNA /RNA

55
Q

How are viruses classified/named?

A

Its nucleic acid content and its form

56
Q

stages of viral process are:

A

infection of person and attachment to host cell -> Viral DNA/RNA take over host cell and use its metabolic processes to produce the viral proteins -> new viruses are assembled and release by either Lysis or Budding from a cell membrane

Lysis / Budding destroy the host cell allowing the contents to spread to other local cells and repeating the process.

57
Q

How does an intracellular virus work?

A

Alters the host cells chromosomes leading to the coding and replication of malignant cells or cancer

58
Q

What are the three groups of microorganisms that have both bacterial and virus like properties?

They reproduce by binary fission but require a living host

A

Chlamydiae : lack enzymes, replicates thru the use of elementary bodies (EB) {possess cell walls and can bind to epithelial cells} or reticulate bodies (RB) {noninfectious and use host cells to make ATP and produce obligate intracellular organisms). RB can form EB thus destroying host cell and spreading disease.

Rickettsiae: Tiny gram (-) bacteria in host cells that are transmitted by insect such as lice and ticks. They attack blood vessel walls causing hemmorhages.

Mycoplasma -causes pnuemmonia, lacks a cell wall and can have an shape. these are the smallest cellular microbes

59
Q

long filaments or strands of a fungus

A

hyphae

60
Q

often found on dead organic matter
infections result from single celled yeasts/multi-celled molds
eukaryotic

A

Fungi

61
Q

(athlete’s foot) result from fungus invading superficial layers of skin

A

Tinea Pedis

62
Q

normally present on the skin surface.
imbalances in normal flora result in infection such as thrush and vaginal infections
in immunodeficient patients it can cause chronic infection

A

Candida (yeast)

63
Q

a fungus causing lung infection from inhalation contaminated dust/soil particles

A

Histoplasma

64
Q

causes pnuemonia and has been both classified and a fungus and protazoa

A

pnrumocystis carnii

65
Q

complex eukaryotic organism that is unicellular, motile and lacks a cell membrane.
can live independently on dead organic matter or as a parasite on a living host.

A

protazoa

66
Q

a Protozoa based STI of the reproductive tracts of men and women attaching to mucous membranes and causing inflammation

A

Trichomoniasis

67
Q

Plasmodium species that is non-motile sporozoa transmitted by the the female Anopheles mosquito

A

Malaria

68
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica -> trophozites that secretes enzymes that break down the intestinal mucosa causing diarrhea and live cysts if it finds it way into the portal circulation

A

Amebic Dysentery

69
Q

the mobile group of the protazoas. they move by extending part of the cytoplasm and flowing forward

A

Ameobas

70
Q

worm or parasite that cause infections to the intestinal mucosa

A

helminth

71
Q

Protein like microbe that causes infection that is transmitted by consumption of tissues/muscle/brain/donor tissues that was contaminated with the protein present

causes the proteins in the brain to fold and change shape and causes neural degenerative disease

A

Prion
Human example: Cruetzfield-Jakob
Animal example: bovine spongiform encephalopathy

72
Q

eukaryotic microorganism found widespread in fresh and marine waters

A

algae

big concern to humans is the toxin buildup in the sealife that we eat that ate the algae

73
Q

the bacteria / mixed bacteria that are hosted by different sites on the body

A

resident flora

74
Q

Sterile sites of the body:

A

lungs, bran, blood, bladder, kidneys, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary

75
Q

infection that occurs as a result of an imbalance in the body’s resident flora

A

opportunistic

76
Q

consistently occurring infections in a population

A

endemic

77
Q

infection occurring outside their normal geographic location or at higher than normal #’s

A

epidemic

78
Q

an epidemic of infectious disease that reaches world wide

A

pandemic

79
Q

the source of infection that can be a person who is an active infection or appears to be asymptomatic. this can also be an animal, water, soil, or food source

A

reservoir

80
Q

Modes of transportation from the reservoir to the new host:

A

Direct Contact - direct touch to the person, sore or transmission across membrane such as mother to child in utero

Indirect Contact - object surface that person has touched, food source

Droplet- oral/respiratory salivary secretions expelled from the body. tuberculosis

Aerosol: small particle from the respiratory tract into the air

Vector-Borne: insect or animal in the intermediary host

81
Q

a person who has the micro-biome of the infection but never actually develops infection

A

carrier

82
Q

Hospital acquired infection

A

nosocomial

83
Q

proteins produced by human host cells in response to viral invasion of the cell

A

interferons

84
Q

the capacity of microbes to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

85
Q

the degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe

A

virulence

SFA Questions (14 decks)

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