SFA MODULE 12 (CARDIOVASCULAR ) Flashcards
this structure branches into the circumflex and anterior descending arteries.
left coronary artery
When opening the aneurysmal sac during resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), which of the following arteries are ligated?
lumbar arteries
This structure prevents the retrograde of blood into the atrium from the left ventricle.
mitral valve
This structure branches into the right and left common carotid.
aorta
Most DVTs occur in this region.
left iliac vein
This structure is located at the base of each internal carotid artery, which is noted in the diagram as an enlarged area.
sinus
This vein proximally travels across the neck of the abdominal aorta?
renal veins
This structure arises from the left side of the aortic and descends into the arm. Also, the third branch of the aortic arch.
left subclavian artery
This structure and the vertebral arteries supplies blood to the brain. During a carotid endarterectomy this structure is the last to be unclamped. Also, this structure divides into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
internal carotid artery
During a AAA this artery may be detached and reanastomosed to the graft.
renal artery
what artery carries blood to the legs? Also, this artery is cross-clamped prior to cross-clamping the aorta when performing a AAA.
Internal Iliac artery
Injury to which of the following arteries is commonly seen in the temporal lobes, where the skull is the thinnest and meningeal blood vessels are numerous, and is the usual cause of epidural hematomas?
middle meningeal artery
During a carotid endarterectomy the Javid shunt is inserted into this artery. Also, the clamp is removed from this structure last, after anastomosis.
internal carotid artery
This structure trifurcates into the left gastric, splenic and hepatic arteries.
celiac artery
The right coronary artery follows the coronary sulcus around the heart and branches into:
The right marginal branch and circumflex branch
The posterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
The anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
The posterior interventricular branch and right marginal
The posterior interventricular branch and right marginal
The border between the atria and the ventricles is a deep groove, the _________, while the boundary lines between the left and right ventricles are shallower depressions, the ___________.
Interventricular sulci, coronary sulcus
Interatrial sulcus, coronary sulci
Coronary sulcus, interventricular sulci
Interatrial sulci, interventricular sulcus
Coronary sulcus, interventricular sulci
The three large, elastic arteries that originate along the aortic arch and that deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulders and upper extremity are the:
Right subclavian, brachiocephalic, left common carotid
Brachiocephalic, left subclavian, right subclavian
Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
Right common carotid, left common carotid, brachiocephalic
Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
The following sequence lists veins carrying a drop of blood from the leg to the heart. Which vein is missing? Posterior tibial, popliteal, femoral, common iliac, inferior vena cava.
Renal vein
Deep femoral
Great saphenous
External iliac
external iliac
The pacemaker of the heart:
Is in the atrioventricular (AV) node
Is slowed by stimulation of the vagus nerve
Increases its rate of firing with an increase in body temperature
Both B and C
Both B and C
Which of the following does not branch off of the abdominal aorta?
The coronaries
The superior mesenteric artery
The renal artery
The celiac artery
The coronaries
The blood vessels whose histological structure permits a two-way exchange of substances between blood and body cells are the:
Capillaries
Venules
Arterioles
All of the above
Capillaries
Venous blood from the tissues and organs of the head, neck, chest, shoulders and upper extremities is received by the:
Jugular veins
Subclavian veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Of the following, which is NOT one of the great vessels of the heart?
Pulmonary arteries
Coronary arteries
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Coronary arteries
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the right atrium?
It receives venous blood through three openings
The sinoatrial node is contained within the posterior wall
When contracted, it empties across the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
All of the above are false
All of the above are false
It receives blood from IVC and SVC
The SA node is in the upper wall of the right atrium
It empties across the tricuspid valve thru gravity
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the internal carotid arteries?
Ascend to level of optic nerve and branch into three large arteries serving the eyes and brain
Deliver blood to the brain
Enter skull through the carotid foramina of the temporal bone
Supply structures of the neck, pharynx, larynx, lower jaw and face
Supply structures of the neck, pharynx, larynx, lower jaw and face
The heart is __________ to the lungs.
Superior
Dorsal
Medial
Proximal
Medial
An area of dead myocardial tissue is called:
Angina pectoris
Hypertrophy
Stenosis
Infarct
Infarct
The carotid pulse is located:
In front of the ears and just above eye level
On the anterior side of the neck
In the antecubital space
On the medial aspect of the wrist
On the anterior side of the neck
Where is the sinoatrial node located?
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
In the upper wall of the right atrium
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
In the interventriuclar septum
In the upper wall of the right atrium
Oxygenated blood is carried to the heart by the:
Aorta
Carotid arteries
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
Blood flows from the right ventricle of the heart into the:
Inferior vena cava
Left ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
pulmonary arteries
The sternocostal surface (anterior) of the heart is formed by:
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
right ventricle
The heart valve that prevents the back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium of the heart. It is composed of two leaflets, one anterior and one posterior, that close when the left ventricle contracts.
Aortic
Mitral
Pulmonary
Tricuspid
Mitral
The outcome for many aortic aneurysms is:
rupture and hemorrhage.
pressure on adjacent organs or structures.
early diagnosis and repair.
thrombus formation and pulmonary embolus.
rupture and hemorrhage
Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous arrhythmia?
Ventricular fibrillation
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Second-degree heart block
Ventricular fibrillation
Cyanosis occurs in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:
the pulmonary circulation is overloaded and congested.
the circulation is sluggish (slow) throughout the system.
more carbon dioxide is present in the circulating blood.
a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
Phlebothrombosis is more likely to cause pulmonary emboli than is thrombophlebitis because:
systemic signs of inflammation require treatment.
leg cramps require massage.
thrombus forms in a vein and is less firmly attached.
platelets attach to the inflamed wall.
thrombus forms in a vein and is less firmly attached
The basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is best described as:
cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body.
temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery.
total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis.
irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.
total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis.
A cardiac pacemaker would most likely be inserted in cases of:
ventricular fibrillation.
congestive heart failure.
angina pectoris.
heart block.
heart block
A source of an embolus causing an obstruction in the brain could be the:
coronary artery.
pulmonary vein.
carotid artery.
femoral vein.
carotid artery
Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?
The ventricles contract before the atria.
Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation.
Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.
Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
The definition of congestive heart failure is:
cessation of all cardiac activity.
the demand for oxygen by the heart is greater than the supply.
insufficient circulating blood in the body.
inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
The classic early manifestation(s) of left-sided congestive heart failure is/are ____, whereas the early indicator(s) of right-sided failure is/are _______.
coughing up frothy sputum; hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
shortness of breath on exertion or lying down; swelling of the ankles
palpitations and periodic chest pain; shortness of breath on exertion
swelling of the ankles and abdomen; chest pain
shortness of breath on exertion or lying down; swelling of the ankles
The most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction is:
ruptured ventricle or aorta.
cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation.
cerebrovascular accident.
congestive heart failure.
cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation.
The term arteriosclerosis specifically refers to:
degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries.
development of atheromas in large arteries.
intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries.
ischemia and necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and heart.
degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries.
Which of the following factors greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise?
Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
Rapid emptying of the right side of the heart
Forceful action of the valves in the veins
Peristalsis in the large veins
Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
A dissecting aortic aneurysm develops as:
a section of the aorta that weakens and dilates in all directions.
a dilation or bulge that develops at one point on the aortic wall.
a thrombus that accumulates at a point in the aortic wall.
a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall.
a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall.
Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?
Digoxin
Epinephrine
Furosemide
Nifedipine
Digoxin
When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?
Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.
Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.
Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.
Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.
Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.
What are the early signs of circulatory shock?
1. Pale moist skin
2. Loss of consciousness
3. Anxiety and restlessness
4. Rapid strong pulse
3, 4
1, 2
1, 4
1, 3
pale moist skin
rapid strong pulse
Which of the following statements regarding aneurysms is true?
Aneurysms involve a defect in the tunica media of veins.
The greatest danger with aneurysms is thrombus formation.
Aneurysms are always caused by congenital malformations.
Manifestations of aneurysms result from compression of adjacent structures.
Manifestations of aneurysms result from compression of adjacent structures.
A sign of aortic stenosis is:
congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs.
increased cardiac output.
flushed face and headache.
a heart murmur.
a heart murmur.
Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:
the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions.
the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.
pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied.
pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
The term intermittent claudication refers to:
sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves.
dry, cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers.
chest pain related to ischemia.
ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise.
ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise.
Shock is defined as:
failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells.
decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
general hypoxia, causing damage to various organs.
loss of blood, causing severe hypoxia.
decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve:
functions to increase stroke volume.
cannot fully open during systole.
allows blood to leak back into the left ventricle during diastole.
does not respond to the cardiac cycle.
cannot fully open during systole.
Which of the following is a result of increased secretion of epinephrine?
Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
Increased heart rate and force of contraction
Decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles
Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and kidneys
Increased heart rate and force of contraction
The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins is:
increased venous pressure.
trauma.
infection.
congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins.
increased venous pressure.
Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:
increased cardiac output.
myocardial infarction.
friction rub.
reduced venous return.
increased cardiac output
An echocardiogram is used to demonstrate any abnormal:
movement of the heart valves.
change in central venous pressure.
activity in the conduction system.
blood flow in coronary arteries.
movement of the heart valves.
Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?
digoxin (Lanoxin)
warfarin (Coumadin)
nitroglycerin (Isordil)
hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)
hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)
A drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion is:
acetaminophen.
streptokinase.
acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).
heparin.
acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).
Prophylactic antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin are given to patients with certain congenital heart defects or damaged heart valves immediately before invasive procedures to prevent:
myocarditis.
formation of septic thrombi.
abscess formation.
infectious endocarditis.
infectious endocarditis.
Atherosclerosis in the iliac or femoral arteries is likely to cause which of the following?
1. Gangrenous ulcers in the legs
2. Strong rapid pulses in the legs
3. Intermittent claudication
4. Red, swollen legs
1, 2
2, 3
2, 4
1, 3
Gangrenous ulcers in the legs
Intermittent claudication
An atheroma develops from:
repeated vasospasms.
accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occurred.
a torn arterial wall and blood clots.
thrombus forming on damaged walls of veins.
accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occurred.
Which of the following is NOT true of the drug nitroglycerin?
It decreases myocardial workload by causing systemic vasodilation.
It strengthens the myocardial contraction.
It may be administered sublingually, transdermally, or by oral spray.
Dizziness or syncope may follow a sublingual dose.
It strengthens the myocardial contraction
The first arteries to branch off the aorta are the:
subclavian arteries.
coronary arteries.
common carotid arteries.
pulmonary arteries.
coronary arteries
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):
contain only small amounts of cholesterol
promote atheroma development
transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion
are associated with low intake of saturated fats
are associated with low intake of saturated fats
In a child with ventricular septal defect, altered blood flow:
results in unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation.
leads to increased stroke volume from the left ventricle.
is called a left-to-right shunt.
is called a right-to-left shunt.
is called a left-to-right shunt
The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?
A decreased circulating blood volume
Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand
The cessation of all cardiac function
Missing a ventricular contraction
The cessation of all cardiac function
Cardiac output refers to:
the total number of heartbeats in one minute.
the amount of blood passing through either of the atria.
the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in a single contraction.
the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute.
the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute
A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:
excluding saturated fats from the diet.
leading a sedentary lifestyle.
familial hypercholesterolemia.
being female and older than 40 years of age.
leading a sedentary lifestyle
The event that causes the QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing is:
ventricular depolarization.
atrial repolarization
ventricular repolarization
atrial depolarization.
ventricular depolarization
A partial obstruction in a coronary artery will likely cause:
angina attacks
pulmonary embolus
myocardial infarction
hypertension
myocardial infarction
