Sexual reproduction and meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

the production of new individuals resulting from the joining of 2 specailised cells known as gametes

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2
Q

How is a haploid gamete formed

A

A nuclei are formed with one set of chromsomes

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3
Q

What are gonad

A

sex organs in animals

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4
Q

what are antheres

A

male sex organs in plants

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5
Q

How can male gametes be described

A

many, mini , motile

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6
Q

How can female gametes be describe

A

few , fat , fixed

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7
Q

Why is meiosis so important

A

it reduces the chromosome number in gametes from diploid to haploid, so that SR is possible without each generation carrying an increasing burden of genetic material

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8
Q

What is independent assortment

A

the chromosomes that came from the individuals parents are distributed into the gametes and so into their offspring completely at random

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9
Q

What is crossing over

A

large multi enzyme complexes ‘cut and join’ bits of the maternal and paternal chromatids together

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10
Q

What is chiamsata

A

the points where the chromatids break during recombination

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11
Q

What is the + of crossing over

A

the exchange of genetic material leads to added gentic variation

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12
Q

What is the - of recombination

A

errors in the processes leads to mutations

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13
Q

What happens in prophase 1

A

each chromosome appears in the condensed form with 2 chromatids. Homologous pairs of chromosomes associate with each other (crossing over)

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14
Q

What happens in metapahse 1

A

the spindle forms and the pairs of chrosomes line up on the metaphase plate

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15
Q

What is anaphase 1

A

the centromeres do not divide , One chromosome from each homologous pair moves to each end of the cell. As as result of the chromosome number in each cell is half of the original

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16
Q

What happens in telopahse 1

A

the nuclear membrane re-forms and the cells begin to divide

17
Q

What happens in prophase 2

A

new spindles are formed

18
Q

What happens in metaphase 2

A

the chrosomes still made up of pairs of chromatids line up in the metaphase plate

19
Q

What happens in anapahse 2

A

the centromers now divide and the chromatids move to the opposte ends of the cell

20
Q

What happens in telophase

A

nuclear envelopes re-form the chromosomes and return to their interpahse state and cytokensis occurs

Giving 4
daugther cells with half the chromosomes number of the orgianl diploid cell