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Life Science 2 > Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where sperm is produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

where sperm mature and become fully motile

A

epididymis

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3
Q

carries sperm to urethra

A

vas deferens

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4
Q

provide secretions to nurture and aid sperm during fertilization

A

seminal vesicles and prostate gland

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5
Q

carries sperm to the outside

A

penis

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6
Q

sperm and secretions move to base of penis to form semen

A

emission

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7
Q

when muscles at the base of the penis contract to force semen out of the urethra

A

ejaculation

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8
Q

composition of semen

A

5% sperm, 70% seminal fluid, 25% prostate fluid

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9
Q

nurture developing spermatids

A

sertoli cells

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10
Q

the head of the sperm which control enzymes for “entering” the egg

A

acrosome

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11
Q

produce estrogen and progesterone and eggs

A

ovaries

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12
Q

eggs and surrounding cells

A

follicles

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13
Q

the process whereby a mature follicle erupts from the ovary and the ovum is released towards one oviduct

A

ovulation

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14
Q

consists of the remaining follicle cells that will produce estrogen and progesterone for up to 2 weeks after ovulation

A

corpus luteum

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15
Q

with implantation, – secrete human chronic gonadotropin, progesterone, and estrogen

A

cells covering blastocyst

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16
Q

sloughing of of uterine lining (endometrium)

A

menstruation

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17
Q

follicle cells that nurture developing embryo and create first barrier for sperm to reach egg

A

cumulus

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18
Q

interacts with acrosome of sperm, prevents implantation of embryo in oviduct

A

zona pellucida

19
Q

sperm develops the ability to enter the egg, – enzymes digest the outer layers of the zona pellucida

A

acrosomal reaction, acrosomal

20
Q

– are stimulated by LH to produce testosterone

A

theca cells

21
Q

granulosa cells convert testosterone to estrogen via the enzyme –

A

aromatase

22
Q

– and – stimulate the growth and maturation of granulosa cells

A

estrogen and FSH

23
Q

estrogen – the expression of LH and FSH receptors on granulosa cells and become more – to LH and FSH

A

upregulates, sensitive

24
Q

granulosa cells produce –

A

inhibin

25
Q

three steps of sexual reproduction

A

gametogenesis, mating, fertilization

26
Q

gametogenesis occurs in

A

testes and ovaries

27
Q

fusions of sperm and egg plasma membranes trigger

A

blocks to polyspermy

28
Q

external fertilization is common in – species

A

aquatic

29
Q

internal fertilization is necessary in terrestrial species and usually involves –

A

copulation

30
Q

animals lay eggs in environment and their embryos develop outside the mother’s body

A

oviparous (insects, reptiles, birds)

31
Q

animals retain the embryo within the mother’s body during its early developmental stages

A

viviparous (sharks and all vertebrate except crocodiles, birds, and turtles)

32
Q

fertilized eggs are retained in the mother’s body until they hatch

A

ovoviviparious (garter snakes and guppy)

33
Q

What statement about human oocytes is true?

A

by birth, a human female infant has produced her lifetime supply of oocytes

34
Q

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

A

spermatogenesis produces many gametes with meager energy reserves, whereas oogenesis produces relatively few, well-provisioned gametes

35
Q

Semen consists of

A

fructose, mucus, clotting enzymes, an active clot-dissolving enzym

36
Q

which of the following statements about ovarian and uterine cycle are true?

A

falling E and P levels induce menstruation, a sudden rise in LH induces ovulation, E levels reach highest levels in the follicular phase and P reaches highest levels in the luteal phase of ovarian cycle, E is produced by follicle cells

37
Q

If implantation occurs, blastocyst secrete –

A

hCG

38
Q

contractions of muscles in the uterine wall are stimulated by

A

oxytocin

39
Q

Which of contraceptive method is most likely to fail: rhythm method, birth control pills, diaphragm, vasectomy, condom?

A

rhythm method

40
Q

the single celled zygote must becomes a multicellular –

A

embryo

41
Q

How does cleavage in mammals from cleavage in frogs?

A

slower rate of cell division, formation of tight junctions, expression of the embryo’s genome, early separation of cells that will not contribute to the embryo

42
Q

Which statement about gastrulation is true?

A

in frogs, gastrulation begins in the vegetal pole

43
Q

Which of the following was a conclusion from the experiments of Spemann and Mangold?

A

the dorsal lip of the blastopore can initiate gastrulation

44
Q

which of the following characterizes neurulation?

A

the neural tube is formed from ectoderm

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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