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Life Science 2 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

responsible for all voluntary movements such as running as well as some involuntary movements such as breathing

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

responsible for the beating action of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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3
Q

creates the movement in many hollow internal organs such as the gut and is under the control of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

All three muscle types use the same – mechanism

A

sliding filament contractile

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5
Q

skeletal muscle cells called – are large and have many nuclei

A

muscle fibers

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6
Q

muscle fibers form through the fusion of many individual embryonic muscle cells called

A

myoblasts

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7
Q

a specific muscle such as the biceps is composed of 100s or 1000s of muscle fibers bundled together by –

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

Muscle contraction is due to the interact between contractile proteins – and –

A

actin and myosin

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9
Q

thin filaments

A

actin filaments

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10
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin filaments

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11
Q

true or false the actin and myosin filaments lie parallel to each other

A

true

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12
Q

Each muscle fiber is packed with – which are bundles of thin actin and thick myosin filaments arranged in an orderly fashion

A

myofibrils

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13
Q

each thick myosin filament is surrounded by

A

6 thin actin filaments

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14
Q

each thin actin filament sits within a triangle of

A

3 thick myosin filaments

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15
Q

the myofibril consists of repeating units of contraction called –

A

sarcomeres

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16
Q

where there are only actin filaments the myofibril appears –

A

light

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17
Q

where there are both actin and myosin filaments the myofibril appears

A

dark

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18
Q

bundles of myosin filaments are held in a centered position within the sarcomere by a protein called

A

titin

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19
Q

between the ends of the myosin bundles and Z lines, titin molecules are very

A

stretchable

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20
Q

In a relaxed skeletal muscle, resistance to stretch is mostly due to the – of titin molecules

A

elasticity

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21
Q

As the muscle contracrs, the sarcomeres – and the band pattern changes

A

shorten

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22
Q

H zone and the I band become narrower and the Z lines move toward the A band when the muscle

A

contracts

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23
Q

consists of 2 long polypeptide chains coiled together, each ending in a large myosin globular head

A

myosin molecule

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24
Q

a myosin filament is made up of many myosin molecules arranged in parallel, with their heads projecting – at each end of the filament

A

sideways

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25
Q

consists of actin monomers polymerized into a long molecule that looks like two stands of pearls twisted together

A

actin filament

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26
Q

the myosin heads can bind to specific sites on actin forming – between the myosin and actin filaments

A

cross-bridges

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27
Q

the myosin heads also have – activity, when they are bound to actin they can bind and hydrolyze ATP

A

ATPase

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28
Q

the stiffening of muscles soon after death

A

rigor mortis

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29
Q

ATP is needed to break the – so when ATP production ceases with death, the muscles stiffens

A

actin-myosin bonds

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30
Q

Each myosin filaments has – head(s) at both ends

A

many

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31
Q

muscle cells are – because their plasma membranes can generate and conduct action potentials

A

excitable

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32
Q

in skeletal muscle fibers, AP are initiated by motor neurons arriving at a

A

neuromuscular junction

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33
Q

the axon terminals of motor neurons are generally – and form synapses with hundreds of muscle fibers

A

highly branched

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34
Q

A motor neuron and al of the fibers with which it forms synapses constitute a –

A

motor unit

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35
Q

The fibers contract – when its motor neuron fires

A

simultaneously

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36
Q

Increase a muscle’s strength of contraction by

A

increasing the firing rate of an individual motor neuron or recruit more motor neurons

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37
Q

The muscle fiber’s plasma membrane is continuous with a system of T tubules that descend into its cytoplasm or

A

sarcoplasm

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38
Q

T tubules come very close to the ER of the muscle cell which is also called the

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

When the muscle fiber is at rest, there is a – concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a lower concentration in the –

A

higher; sarcoplasm

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40
Q

spanning the space between the membranes of the T tubes and the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are –

A

two proteins

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41
Q

located in the T tubules membrane; it is voltage-sensitive and changes it conformation when an AP reaches it

A

dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor

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42
Q

located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane; it is a Ca2+ channel

A

ryanodine receptor

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43
Q

has three subunits that binds: actin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+

A

troponin

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44
Q

When the muscle is at rest, the – strands are positioned so that they block the sites on the actin filament where myosin heads can bind

A

tropomyosin

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45
Q

difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

cardiac muscle cells are much smaller and only have on nucleus

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46
Q

cardiac muscle cells branch and the branches of adjoining cells interdigitate into a meshwork that is resistant to –

A

tearing

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47
Q

adding to the strength of cardiac muscles are – that provide strong mechanical adhesions between adjacent cells

A

intercalated disc

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48
Q

protein structures that allow cytoplasmic continuity between cells in intercalated discs offer low-resistance pathways for ionic currents to flow between cells

A

gap junctions

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49
Q

AP initiated at one point in the heart spreads – through a large mass of cardiac muscle

A

rapidly

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50
Q

– and – have low density of actin and myosin filaments but they initiate and coordinate the rhythmic contractions of the heart

A

pacemaker and conducting cells

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51
Q

pacemaker cells make the vertebrate heartbeat – meaning it it generated by the heart itself

A

myogenic

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52
Q

A heart removed from a vertebrate can continue to beat with no input from the nervous system; although input from the ANS modifies the – of the pacemaker cells it is not essential for their continued rhythmic function

A

rate

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53
Q

In cardiac muscle cells, the T-tubues are larger and the voltage-sensitive DHP proteins in the T tubules are– and are not physically connected with the ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Ca2+ channels

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54
Q

structurally the most simple muscle cells

A

smooth muscle cells

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55
Q

smooth muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells and are usually – and have 1 nucleus

A

long and spindle-shaped

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56
Q

Some smooth muscle tissue such as the wall of the digestive tract have cells that are arranged in sheets and individual cells in a sheet are in – contact with one another through gap junctions as they are in cardiac muscle

A

electrical

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57
Q

plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells are sensitive to

A

stretch

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58
Q

Smooth muscle contracts after being stretched, and the harder it is stretched, the – it contracts

A

harder

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59
Q

changes in vascular smooth muscle– are responsible for controlling the distribution of blood in the body

A

tone

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60
Q

The neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic cels alter the – of smooth muscle cells

A

membrane potential

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61
Q

minimum unit of contraction

A

twitch

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62
Q

the level of tension an entire muscle generates depends on the number of – and the frequency at which –

A

number of motor units activated and the frequency at which the motor units fire

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63
Q

in muscles responsible for fine movements (fingers), a motor neuron may innervate - muscle fibers

A

one or a few

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64
Q

in muscles that produces large forces (biceps) a motor neuron innervates – muscle fibers

A

many

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65
Q

At the level of a muscle fiber, a single AP stimulates a – twitch

A

single

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66
Q

If APs reaching the muscle fiber are adequately separated in time, each twitch is discrete,

A

all-or-none phenomenon

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67
Q

Twitches sum at high levels of stimulation because the calcium pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are not able to – the Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm between AP

A

clear

68
Q

eventually a stimulation frequency can be reached that results in continuous presence of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm at high enough levels to cause continuous activation of the contractile machinery a condition called

A

tetanus

69
Q

The lack of ATP causes – since the action of ATP is to break actin-myosin bonds

A

fatigue

70
Q

energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP “re-cocks” the – allowing them to cycle through another power stroke

A

myosin heads

71
Q

Many muscles of the body maintain a low level of – even when the body is at rest

A

tension

72
Q

comes from the activity of a small but chaining number of motor units in a muscle

A

muscle tone

73
Q

have high ATPase activity that can recycle their actin-myosin cross-bridges rapidly

A

fast-twitch fibers

74
Q

have lower ATPase activity that develop tension more slowly but can maintain it longer

A

slow-twitch fibers

75
Q

oxidative or red muscle because they contain myoglobin, have many mitochondria and well supplied with blood vessels

A

slow-twitch fiers

76
Q

slow-twitch fibers have substantial reserves of – so they can maintain steady prolonged production of ATP as long as oxygen is available

A

fuel (glycogen and fat)

77
Q

glycolytic or white muscle have few mitochondria, little or no myoglobin, and fewer blood vessels

A

fast-twitch fibers

78
Q

good for short-term work that require maximum strength

A

fast-twitch fibers

79
Q

there are fast-twitch fibers that are somewhat oxidative and therefore – in their properties between slow-twitch and fast glycolytic fibers

A

intermediate

80
Q

intermediate fibers can become more oxidative with – training and more glycolytic with strength training

A

endurance

81
Q

The most important determinant of you muscle fiber types is your

A

genetic heritage

82
Q

When a muscle is stretched and the sarcomeres are lengthened, there is less overlap between the actin and myosin filaments; therefore fewer – can form and less – produced

A

fewer cross-bridges; less force

83
Q

if the – are stretched too much, actin and myosin do not overlap and no force can be produced

A

sarcomeres

84
Q

anaerobic activities increase

A

strength

85
Q

aerobic activities increase

A

endurance

86
Q

– is a function of the cross-sectional area of muscles: the more actin and myosin filaments in a muscle fiber, the more muscle fibers in a muscles, the more tension it can produce

A

strength

87
Q

stress on a muscles does minor – (soreness) but it also induces the formation of new actin and myosin filaments in existing muscle fibers

A

tissue damage

88
Q

after serious muscle damage, new muscle fibers can also be produced from stem cells called – in muscle

A

satellite cells

89
Q

In general, the major effect of strength truing is to produced – rather than more muscle fibers

A

bigger

90
Q

aerobic exercise enhances muscles’ – involving greater number of mitochondria, increases in enzymes in energy use, and increases in density of capillaries that deliver oxygen to muscles

A

oxidative capacity

91
Q

oxygen-bind protein that has a higher affinity for oxygen that hemoglobin

A

myoglobin

92
Q

uses preformed ATP and creatine phosphate that are rapidly exhausted

A

immediate system = 10 kilocalories

93
Q

metabolizes carbohydrates to lactate and pyruvate within a few seconds but lacks sustained efficient

A

glycolytic system

94
Q

metabolizes carbohydrates or fats all the way to water and carbon dioxide producing sustained efficiency but kicks in after about 1 minute

A

oxidative system

95
Q

True or False: ATP is present in muscles in very small amounts

A

true

96
Q

muscle fibers contain a storage compound called – that stores energy in a phosphate bond which it can transfer to ADP

A

creatine phosphate (CP)

97
Q

the rate at which oxidative metabolism can make ATP available to do work is – than the the rate at which the other two systems can supply ATP

A

slower

98
Q

the rate at which muscle glycogen is replenished depends on –

A

diet

99
Q

high muscle glycogen replenishing

A

high-carbohydrate diet

100
Q

low muscle glycogen replenishing

A

high-fat diet

101
Q

intermediate muscle glycogen replenishing

A

mixed

102
Q

Carbo-loading: for 3 to 5 days, athletes exercise at a level that – muscle glycogen; then 2 or 3 days before the even they taper down their level of truing and eat a diet rich in complex carbs which results in – in which the restoration of muscle glycogen stores “overshoots” and reaches above-normal levels

A

depletes; glycogen supercompensations

103
Q

– muscle has the greatest rate of cycling

A

insect

104
Q

vertebrate (and most invertebrate) striated muscle is called – because the cycling of the contractile mechanism is linked to the firing of the motor neurons

A

synchronous

105
Q

the contractile cycling and the resulting frequency are not tied to the firing rate of the – motor neurons

A

flight

106
Q

rigid supports against which muscles pull to create directed movement

A

skeletal muscles

107
Q

cnidarians, annelids, and other soft-bodied invertebrates have – consisting of a volume of fluid enclosed in a body cavity surrounded by muscle

A

hydrostatic skeletons

108
Q

constriction of circular muscles – and – the segments, pushing them forward

A

narrows and elongates

109
Q

constriction of longitudinal segments – the segments, pulling the trailing segments forward

A

shortens and bulges outward

110
Q

bulging, shortened segments serves as – as long, narrow segments project forward

A

anchors

111
Q

– help the widest part of the body to hold firm against substratum preventing backward sliding

A

bristles

112
Q

hardened, rigid outer surface to which muscles can be attached

A

exoskeleton

113
Q

the simplest example of the exoskeleton is the – of a mollusk

A

shell

114
Q

some marine mollusks (clams) have shells composed of protein strengthened by crystals of –

A

calcium carbonate (rock-hard material)

115
Q

shells of – mollusks like snails generally lack the hard mineral component and are much lighter

A

land

116
Q

the most complex exoskeletons are found among –

A

arthropods

117
Q

an exoskeleton or – covers all the outer surfaces of the arthropod’s body and all its appendages

A

cuticle

118
Q

the cuticle contains stiffening materials everywhere except at – where flexibility must be retained

A

joints

119
Q

a drawback of the rigid arthropod exoskeleton is that it cannot

A

expand

120
Q

If an arthropod becomes too larger it must – or shed its exoskeleton forming a new, larger one

A

molt

121
Q

a molting animals is – because the new exoskeleton takes time to harden

A

vulnerable

122
Q

the vertebrate endoskeleton consist of – and –

A

cartilage and bone

123
Q

an advantage of endoskeletons over exoskeletons of arthropods is that – in the body can grow without the animal shedding its skeleton

A

bones

124
Q

the human skeleton consists of – bones

A

206

125
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

126
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral and pelvic girdle, arms, legs, had, feet

127
Q

produce an extracellular matrix that is tough, rubbery mixture of polysaccharides and proteins (mainly fibrous collagen)

A

cartilage cels

128
Q

collagen fibers run in all directions like reinforcing cords through the gel-like matrix and give it the well-known – and – or “gristle”

A

strength and resiliency

129
Q

found in parts of the endoskeleton where both stiffness and resiliency are required (joints)

A

cartilage

130
Q

supportive tissue in stiff but flexible structures like larynx, nose, and ear pinnae

A

cartilage

131
Q

sharks and rays are called – because their skeletons are composed entirely of cartilage

A

cartilaginous fishes

132
Q

contains collagen fibers but gets its rigidity and hardness from an extracellular matrix of insoluble calcium phosphate crystals

A

bone

133
Q

lay day down new matrix material on bone surfaces in layers; in long bones these layers form concentric tubes parallel to the long axis of the bone

A

osteoblasts

134
Q

osteoblasts gradually become enclosed within bone at which point they cease laying down matrix but continue to exist within small lacunae

A

osteocytes

135
Q

despite the vast amounts of matrix between them, osteocytes communicate about – through long cellular extensions that run through tiny channels in the bone

A

controlling activities of cells that are laying down or removing bone

136
Q

cells that remove bone; derived from the same cell linear that produces white blood cells

A

osteoclasts

137
Q

because of the positive effects of physical stress on bone deposition, weight-bearing exercise is effecting in preventing an treating the loss o bone density and strength

A

osteoporosis

138
Q

includes eating disorders, cessation of menstrual cycling, and osteoporosis

A

female athlete triad

139
Q

forms on a scaffold of connective tissue membrane

A

membranous bone

140
Q

forms first as a cartilaginous structure resembling the future mature bone then gradually ossifies to bone

A

cartilage bone

141
Q

outer bones of skull are – bone

A

membranous

142
Q

bones of the limbs are

A

cartilage bones

143
Q

the long bones of legs and arms ossify first at the – and later at the –

A

first at the center (shaft) and later at each end

144
Q

growth can continue until the areas of – join

A

ossification

145
Q

the soft spot on the top of a baby’s head is the point at which the skull bone have not yet joined

A

fontanelle

146
Q

solid and hard bond

A

compact

147
Q

having numerous internal cavities that make it appear spongy although it is rigid

A

cancellous

148
Q

the shafts of the long bones of limbs are cylinders of – surrounding central cavities that contain the bone marrow

A

compact bone

149
Q

where the cellular elements of the blood are made

A

bone marrow

150
Q

the ends of long bones are – bone

A

cancellous

151
Q

most of the compact bone in mammals is called –

A

Haversian bone

152
Q

each Haversian system is a set of thin, concentric bony – between which are the osteocytes in their lacunae

A

cylinders

153
Q

A narrow canal containing – runs through the center of each Haversian system

A

blood vessels and nerves

154
Q

adjacent Haversian systems are separated by boundaries called –

A

glue lines

155
Q

Haversian bone is resistant to fracturing because cracks tend to – at glue line

A

stop

156
Q

– are sites of elongation between the ossified regions

A

epiphyseal plates

157
Q

muscles and bones work together around – where two or more bones come together

A

joints

158
Q

true or false: muscles can exert force in only one direction

A

true

159
Q

muscles create movements around joints by working in – when one muscle contrast the other relaxes

A

antagonistic pairs

160
Q

when both muscles contract the joint becomes – (posture)

A

rigid

161
Q

muscle that bends or flexes the joint

A

flexor

162
Q

the muscles that straightens or extends the joint

A

extensor

163
Q

A lever has an – arm and a – arm that work around a fulcrum (pivot)

A

effort arm and load arm

164
Q

2 Load arm: 1 effort arm generate – over a small distance

A

much force

165
Q

5 Load arm: 1 effort arm moves low weights long distances with –

A

speed

166
Q

an example of a lever system designed for applying maximum force is (effort arm is long relative to the load arm)

A

human jaw

167
Q

an example of a lever system designed of speed is the (effort arm is short relative to the load arm)

A

human leg

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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