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Life Science 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

A

molecule

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2
Q

structure within a cell that performs a specific function

A

organelle

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3
Q

simplest entity that has all the properties of life; a membrane-bound unit containing DNA and cytoplasm

A

cell

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4
Q

structures composed of more than one tissue type

A

organ

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5
Q

related organs performing a common function

A

organ system

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6
Q

an individual, independent, living entity

A

organism

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7
Q

form boundaries on surfaces (outermost layer of skin, line airway and stomach), control what goes in and out, held by tight junction

A

epithelial tissue

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8
Q

cells imbedded in a matrix (ex. blood: RBC surrounded by a liquid matrix called plasma & bone which has a calcified matrix collagen fibers & adipose tissue)

A

connective tissue

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9
Q

skeletal, smooth (blood vessels, GI tract), cardiac

A

smooth tissue

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10
Q

neurons conduct electrical signals

A

nervous

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11
Q

chemical pathway from simple to complex

A

anabolism

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12
Q

chemical pathway from complex to simple

A

catabolism

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13
Q

Living things….

A

cellular organization, sensitivity (respond to stimuli), growth, reproduce, homeostasis

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14
Q

Cell theory

A

1) all organisms are composed of cells 2) the cell is the basic building block of life = chemical reactions within 3) all cells come from preexisting cells

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15
Q

Why are cells small?

A

need high/reasonable surface-to-volume ratio and big cell = diffusion distance increases = not efficient

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16
Q

two atoms SHARE one, two, three electron pairs –> stable bond

A

covalent bonds

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17
Q

water molecule is formed by ___ bonds between one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms

A

covalent

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18
Q

oppositely charged ions attract each other forming an ___ bond

A

ionic

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19
Q

unequal attraction of electrons by the atoms that share them in a covalent bond

A

polar molecule

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20
Q

the attraction of the positive (hydrogen) end of the polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule is called

A

hydrogen bond

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds may be weak but can be present in ____ and influence the shape of molecules (DNA double helix is held together by H bonds)

A

very large numbers

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22
Q

water forces the hydrophobic groups together and this is why non polar groups tend to localize ____ of most soluble proteins

A

within the interior

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23
Q

lacks a nucleus; DNA coiled into a nucleoid is in direct contact with the cytoplasm (some have more than one nucleoid)

A

prokaryotic cells

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24
Q

contain a large, membrane bounded nucleus; has organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

All prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, nucleoid, and cytoplasm containing ____

A

ribosomes

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26
Q

Prokaryotic: located outside plasma membrane may be a ___

A

cell wall containing peptidoglycan

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27
Q

plasma membrane –> cell wall –> outer membrane –> ___

A

capsule

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28
Q

In bacteria the chlorophyll (no chloroplast) is located in

A

the infoldings of the plasma membrane

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29
Q

some prokaryotes swim using

A

flagella

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30
Q

___ which projects from the surface of some bacteria is involved in mating

A

pili

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31
Q

prokaryote flagellum is made up of

A

flagellin

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32
Q

Eukaryotes contain an internal cytoskeleton which

A

maintains cell shape and moves materials

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33
Q

rigid cell wall of cellulose and large central vacuole

A

plants

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34
Q

eukaryotes’s cytoskeletal protein is made up of

A

myosin and actin

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35
Q

ER closest to nucleus

A

rough (ribosomes)

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36
Q

mature RBC

A

blood cells originate from blood bone marrow; last bout 120 days then broken down in liver
no nucleus cuz going to lose genetic material anyways

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37
Q

DNA is contained in

A

mostly nucleus + mitochondria and chloroplast

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38
Q

DNA + protein –>

A

chromatin

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39
Q

when nucleus is about to divide the chromatin ___ forming chromosomes

A

condenses and coils tightly

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40
Q

each __ (“colored body”) contains one long molecules of DNA comprising many genes

A

chromosomes

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41
Q

the nucleus contains (one or more) nucleolus the site of

A

ribosome assembly

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42
Q

fluid material within the nuclear envelope

A

nucleoplasm

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43
Q

viruses are made up of __, surrounded by ____

A

nucleic acid, protein sheath (sometimes lipid envelope)

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44
Q

viruses are not alive because

A

lack cell membranes, nucleus, and organelles; cannot reproduce on their own; no metabolism

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45
Q

X formation is ___ to division

A

prior

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46
Q

mitotic spindle is attached to each ____ and pulls them apart to the poles

A

sister chromatid

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47
Q

all cells synthesize proteins on __

A

ribosomes

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48
Q

Where are ribosomes located in eukaryotes?

A

free in cytoplasm, attached to rough ER, in energy producing organelles (mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast stroma)

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49
Q

ribosomes consist of a type of ___ together with protein, comprising a large and small subunit which associate during protein synthesis

A

RNA

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50
Q

____ makes the peptide bond

A

ribozyme

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51
Q

A series of interrelated membranes and compartments in the eukaryotic cells

A

Endomembrane system = ER + Golgi

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52
Q

extensive system of folded membranes forming sacs and tubes

A

ER

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53
Q

cells which synthesize proteins for export contain large amounts of ____

A

ER

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54
Q

lack ribosomes; site for hydrolysis of glycogen; steroid synthesis

A

smooth ER

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55
Q

contains attached ribosomes; makes proteins for export; site for addition of short sugar chains to proteins glycoproteins

A

rough ER

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56
Q

insulin is made and stored in ___

A

pancreatic beta cells (right below stomach)

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57
Q

enclosed spaces

A

lumen

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58
Q

series of flattened membranous sacs that modifies, packages, and sorts proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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59
Q

synthesizes some polysaccharids for the cell wall

A

Golgi apparatus

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60
Q

vesicles from the rough Er fus with the ___ region of the Golgi (near nucleus) and secretory vesicles are pinched off the the ___ region (close to cell surface)

A

cis, trans

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61
Q

powerhouse of cell

A

mitochondria

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62
Q

food is converted into ATP =

A

energy currency of cell

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63
Q

mitochondria are small/big

A

small (bacteria size)

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64
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria

A

cristae

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65
Q

mitochondrial matrix contains

A

ribosomes and DNA

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66
Q

almost all eukaryotes contain mitochondria except whose living

A

without oxygen

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67
Q

more mitochondria are present if cells are ___ like in heart muscle

A

very active

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68
Q

serves for food manufacture or storage in plants and some protists (ex. chloroplast)

A

plastids

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69
Q

plastids are surrounded by

A

two unfolded membranes

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70
Q

inner membrane of chloroplast forms a stack of flattened disk-like sacs called

A

thylakoids

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71
Q

stacks of thylakoids are called

A

grana

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72
Q

chlorophyll is contained in

A

the thylakoid membrane

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73
Q

___ (fluid) within inner membrane of chlorplast contains suspended grana, ribosomes, and DNA

A

stroma

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74
Q

contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes; participate in phagocytosis

A

lysosomes

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75
Q

What is the pH of lysosomes

A

5

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76
Q

peroxisomes are found in

A

plants and animals

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77
Q

glyoxysomes are found in ___, it stores ___ which is converted in carbs when plant is about to germinate

A

plant seeds, lipids

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78
Q

peroxisomes are important in liver and kidney to

A

detoxify

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79
Q

Tay Sach’s disease

A

defect in lysosomes

80
Q

lysosomes carry out autophagy which is

A

self-breakdown

81
Q

T or F: plants have lysosomes

A

false

82
Q

vacuoles are present in ___

A

plant cells; store waste products and provide turgor

83
Q

maintains cell shape, facilitates cell movement, and certain fibers act as tracks for “motor proteins”

A

cytoskeleton

84
Q

cell wall are present in __, ___, and some __

A

plants, fungi, protists (and bacteria)

85
Q

surrounds animal cells and is composed of proteins (e.g. collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycan)

A

extracellular matrix

86
Q

division of the nucleus

A

mitosis

87
Q

division of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis - microfilaments form a noose around the middle of the cell it adds or subtract to change length of actin

88
Q

strands of actin, involved in movement during animal cell division and muscle contraction

A

microfilaments

89
Q

tough, fibrous protein molecules twisted into rope-like structures, which stabilize cell structure

A

intermediate filaments

90
Q

hollow cylinders made of tubulin

A

microtubules

91
Q

involved in structure and function of cilia and flagella, centrioles, and movement of cellular organelles

A

microtubules

92
Q

motor proteins such as __ use energy from ATP to change their shape and move things

A

dynein and kinesin

93
Q

cilia are formed of

A

microtubules

94
Q

structure of cilia

A

9 pairs of microtubules + 2 in the middle

95
Q

animals don’t have cell wall but may have

A

extracellular matrix

96
Q

vacuoles are __ in animal cells

A

absent or small

97
Q

some animal cell have flagella it’s absent in plants except for

A

sperm in a few species

98
Q

centrioles ___ in plants

A

are absent

99
Q

all cells are bounded by a __

A

plasma membrane

100
Q

plasma membrane provides __ which has the ability to transport certain molecules

A

permeability barrier

101
Q

plasma membrane plays a key role in response of cells to __

A

external stimuli

102
Q

membranes are involved in energy __

A

transduction

103
Q

biological membranes are composed of

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

104
Q

provide physical integrity of plasma membranes

A

lipids

105
Q

perform specific function (e.g. transport, receptors) for plasma membrane

A

proteins

106
Q

serve as recognition sites on the cell surface

A

carbohydrates

107
Q

the basic foundation of the plasma membrane

A

lipid bilayer

108
Q

phospholipids ___ form bilayer sheets in which the ___ tails point inward

A

spontaneously, hydrophobic

109
Q

fluidity of a bilayer depends on __ and ___

A

composition and temperature

110
Q

important component of plasma membrane of animal cells orients in bilayer with polar head group close to polar head group of phospholipid

A

cholesterol

111
Q

unsaturated: C=C puts a kink in a chain so it does not pack well together in membrane –>

A

harder to freeze

112
Q

on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, __ are attached to proteins or phospholipids

A

carbohydrates

113
Q

protein that penetrates into the lipid bilayer

A

integral

114
Q

most integral proteins are __, contain an alpha-helix of non polar amino acids extending across the hydrophobic interior of the membrane

A

transmembrane

115
Q

located outside of the lipid bilayer on the cytoplasmic surface attached by non covalent bonds to the polar head groups of the lipid bilayer or to the integral membrane proteins

A

peripheral proteins

116
Q

covalently attached to a phospholipid or fatty acid embedded in the bilayer

A

lipi-anchored proteins

117
Q

__ provides much info we know about membrane structure

A

RBC

118
Q

beneath the cytoplasmic surface of the RBC, ___ forms a mesh

A

spectrin

119
Q

role of membrane proteins

A

transport, receptors, form junctions between cells

120
Q

cells can recognize and bind to each other via ___

A

surface membrane proteins

121
Q

stick together by same membrane proteins

A

homotypic binding

122
Q

stick together by different membrane proteins

A

heterotypic binding

123
Q

cell junction stitched all the way around

A

tight junction

124
Q

“spot welds” don’t go all the way around but more concerned with structural integrity

A

desmosomes

125
Q

protein pore or channel between two adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

126
Q

connexin protein makes a channel called

A

connexon

127
Q

gap junctions are important in __

A

the heart, facilitates the spread of an action potential

128
Q

meditate the attachment of animal cells to extracellular matrix

A

inegrin

129
Q

passive, non mediated movement down concentration gradient most simple

A

diffusion

130
Q

when molecules become uniformly distributed a state of __ exists

A

equilibrium

131
Q

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

132
Q

Ions such as Na+ and other charges do not readily cross membranes but can pass through water filled pores created by ____

A

intrinsic membrane proteins (channels)

133
Q

certain molecules (eg glucose) bind to carrier proteins in the membrane and are transported across

A

facilitated diffusion

134
Q

facilitated diffusion may become ___ if all the protein carriers are in use

A

saturated

135
Q

transport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated process against concentration gradient

A

active transport

136
Q

requires direct participation of ATP

A

primary active transport

137
Q

does not use ATP directly but rather the energy in an ion gradient established by primary active transport

A

secondary active transport

138
Q

transports macromolecules, large particles, and small cells into eukaryotic cells

A

endocytosis

139
Q

during endocytosis, the plasma membrane envelops materials and forms ___ inside cells

A

vesicle

140
Q

large particles or cells are engulfed

A

phagocytosis

141
Q

small dissolved solutes or fluids enter

A

pintocytosis

142
Q

a specific membrane receptor binds to a particular macromolecule at sties called coated pits (e.g. uptake of cholesterol in association with LDL)

A

receptro-mediated

143
Q

material in vesicles are secreted from the cell when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

144
Q

work associate energy

A

kinetic

145
Q

stored energy

A

potential

146
Q

energy from the sun flows in the biological world and stored as ___ in the chemical bonds of sugar molecules formed by photosynthesis

A

potential energy

147
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

148
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

during any energy conversion, some energy is released as heat which adds to entropy (increasing disorder) of the system

149
Q

the sum of all chemical reactions within a cell or organism

A

metabolism

150
Q

product of one reaction becomes the reactant in the next reaction

A

metabolic pathway

151
Q

chemical reaction establish

A

equilibrium

152
Q

what is the ratio of the concentration of products and reactants at equilibrium

A

equilibrium constant Keq

153
Q

high Keq –>

A

reaction goes far towards completion

154
Q

the breaking of chemical bonds in the course of chemical reactions produces changes in ___

A

Gibbs free energy

155
Q

Give an example of an anabolic reaction

A

glucose + fructose + (energy) –> sucrose

156
Q

Give an example of a catabolic reaction

A

sucrose is hydrolyzed –> energy is released

157
Q

in a biological system, the released energy may be __ in new chemical bonds or used as __

A

recaptured, kinetic energy

158
Q

the energy released by the breakdown of glucose is used to drive the synthesis of ___

A

triglycerides

159
Q

Total energy

A

enthalpy, H

160
Q

G =

A

H-TS

161
Q

If delta G < 0

A

free energy is released, exergonic

162
Q

If delta G > 0

A

free energy is required, endergonic

163
Q

the further toward completion the point of equilibrium lies, the ___ free energy is released

A

more

164
Q

The proteins of tight junctions form a ___ barring the movement of dissolved materials through the space between epithelial cells

A

quilted seal

165
Q

__ link adjacent cells tightly but permit materials to move around them in the intercellular space

A

Desmosomes

166
Q

Gap junctions let adjacent cells ___

A

communicate

167
Q

__ and __ are abundant in epithelial cells

A

tight junctions and desmosomes

168
Q

__ are found in some muscle tissue and nerve tissue win which __ between cells is important

A

gap junctions, rapid communication

169
Q

True or False: All three junctions are not necessarily seen at the same time in actual cells

A

true

170
Q

A __ solution has a higher solute concentration than the other solution

A

hypertonic

171
Q

__ solutions have equal solute concentrations

A

isotonic

172
Q

A __ solution has a lower solute concentration that the other solution

A

hypotonic

173
Q

How fast a substance diffuses depends on

A

diameter or molecules or ions, temperature of solution, concentration gradient

174
Q

__ keeps plants upright and is the driving force for the enlargement of plant cells

A

turgor pressure

175
Q

sometimes a stimulus is the binding of a chemical signal __ to open gated channel

A

ligand

176
Q

Protein __ coats the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane at the coated pit

A

clathrin

177
Q

the endocytosed contents are surrounded by

A

a clathrin-coated vesicle

178
Q

__ is the method by which cholesterol is taken up by most mammalian cells

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

179
Q

When a cell need cholesterol, it produces specific __ which are inserted into the plasma membrane in clathrin coated pits

A

LDL receptors

180
Q

A newly formed polypeptide may contain a __ which is a short stretch of amino acids that indicates where in the cell the polypeptide belongs

A

signal sequence

181
Q

A signal sequence binds to a specific __ at the surface of the organelle

A

receptor protein

182
Q

in the absence of a signal sequence, the protein will __ in the same cellular compartment where it was synthesized

A

remain

183
Q

protein synthesis always begins on free ribosomes and have default location for a protein is the __

A

cytosol

184
Q

Once the protein has bound to a specific receptor protein, the receptor forms a __ in the membrane and the protein enters the organelle

A

channel

185
Q

a specific hydrophobic sequence of about __ at the beginning of a polypeptide chain directs it into the ER

A

25 amino acids

186
Q

Nucleic acids inside protocells could replicate using the ___ from ___

A

nucleotides from outside

187
Q

found in cytoplasm (on ribosome), binding of mRNA and tRNA and protein synthesis

A

rRNA

188
Q

found in cytoplasm, carrier of gene sequence

A

mRNA

189
Q

found in cytoplasm, adapter between mRNA and protein sequences

A

tRNA

190
Q

in plants, SER

A

metabolizes carbohydrates

191
Q

membranes of the nucleus, ER, and Golgi form a

A

network connected by vesicles

192
Q

Blood Cholesterol Levels

A

200 mg/dL, 200-239, 240+

193
Q

LDL cholesterol levels

A

130 mg/dL, 130-159, 160+

194
Q

Blood cholesterol made in

A

liver

195
Q

cholesterol is coated with a layer of protein to make __ which can move in blood

A

lipoprotein

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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