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Life Science 2 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When a cell is not dividing, each chromosome exists in a single copy called a

A

chromatid

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2
Q

When the cell is preparing to divide, each chromosome must be replicated so that it contains –

A

2 chromatids (sister chromatids)

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3
Q

each chromosome has a compressed region

A

centromere

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4
Q

When the chromosomes replicate the – stay attached to each other at the centromere

A

sister chromatids

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5
Q

mitosis occurs in most cells except for –, –, –

A

gametes and mature never and muscle cells in animals

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6
Q

during G1, the parent cell is growing larger and is adding – and replicating –

A

cytoplasm, organelles

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7
Q

first gap phase of the cell cycle

A

G1 stage

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8
Q

phase of DNA synthesis when the chromosomes are all being replicated

A

S stage

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9
Q

Once – is complete, each chromosome will consist of 2 sister chromatids connected at the centromere

A

S stage

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10
Q

second gap phase

A

G2

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11
Q

During G2 the cell will continue to – and make final preparations for cell division

A

grow in size

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12
Q

mitosis occurs in this phase

A

M

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13
Q

division of the cytoplasm at the end of the M phase is

A

cytokinesis

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14
Q

interphase = G1, S, G2

A

preparation for cell division

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15
Q

examples of cells that lose the ability to undergo the cell cycle and thus cannot divid

A

mature human nerve and muscle cells

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16
Q

cells without the ability to divide are in the – phase where division will never resume

A

G0

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17
Q

chromosomes are located in the –

A

nucleus

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18
Q

prior to division, the chromosomes are not condensed and thus are –

A

not visible

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19
Q

leaving the chromosomes in an uncondensed state makes it easier to copy the DNA but makes the chromosomes very –

A

stringy and fragile

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20
Q

once the DNA is replicated, the chromosomes must condense so that they are not – as they are divided up into the two daughter cells

A

broken

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21
Q

chromosome condensation occurs, making the chromosome visible

A

prophase

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22
Q

During prophase, the – present in the cello replicate and move to opposite ends of the cell

A

centrioles

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23
Q

When the centrioles reach the poles of the cell, they begin to produce –

A

spindle apparatus

24
Q

the spindle apparatus consist of spindle fibers that radiate outward forming –

A

asters

25
Q

spindle fibers are made of – that will ultimately attach to each chromosome at the kinetochore

A

microtubules

26
Q

kinetochore (protein structure) appears at the – of each chromosome

A

centromere

27
Q

nuclear envelope and lamina is broken down by phosphorylation of the nuclear pore proteins and lamins

A

prometaphase

28
Q

once the – breaks down, the spindle microtubules will attach to the chromosomes by binding to the kinetochore

A

nucleus

29
Q

chromosomes align down the center of the cell

A

metaphase

30
Q

there is a checkpoint in this phase

A

metaphase

31
Q

centromere spits, allowing each chromatid to have its own centromere

A

anaphase

32
Q

during anaphase, the chromatids can be separated and are pulled towards

A

opposite poles

33
Q

chromatids are moved to opposite poles by – of the kinetochore microtubules

A

depolymerization

34
Q

nuclear pore proteins and lamina are dephosphorylated in this phase because the spindle apparatus is no longer needed

A

telophase

35
Q

during telophase, the – and – reform around each set of chromosomes

A

nuclear envelope and lamina

36
Q

in animal cells, a – forms that pinches the cells apart from each other

A

cleavage furrow

37
Q

in plant cells, a – made of cellulose divides the two daughter cells

A

cell plate

38
Q

the end result of mitosis, is two daughter cells ready to begin – of their cell cycle

A

interphase

39
Q

crossing over occurs in

A

prophase I

40
Q

crossing over = homologous pairs of chromosomes associate and twist together in –

A

synapsis

41
Q

the result of crossing over is two replicated chromosomes or a total of four chromatids called a

A

tetrad

42
Q

T or F: crossing over can occur in more than one location and can unlink genes that were previously linked on the same chromosome

A

true

43
Q

crossing over is an important source of genetic diversity, creating combinations of – that were not seen previously

A

alleles

44
Q

in metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes align – down the center of the cell

A

single file

45
Q

in metaphase I of meiosis, the chromosomes align as – down the center of the cell

A

pairs

46
Q

law of independent assortment

A

the alignment of each member of the homologous pair during metaphase I is random giving a unique combination of maternal and paternal alleles

47
Q

during anaphase I, – will separate from each other and be pulled to the poles of the cells

A

homologous pairs

48
Q

the separation during anaphase I is referred to as –

A

disjunction

49
Q

at the end of telophase I, each daughter cell is genetically unique and contains – number of the chromosomes of the parent cell

A

half

50
Q

at the end of telophase I, the chromosomes are still in their – form, consisting of two chromatids

A

replicated

51
Q

– split the chromatids present in the daughter cells produced during meiosis I

A

meiosis II

52
Q

the events in this phase does not occur in all species

A

prophase II

53
Q

metaphase II

A

chromosomes align down the center of the cell

54
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are separated and move toward the poles of the cell

55
Q

telophase II

A

nuclear envelopes reform and cytokinesis occurs to produce daughter cells

56
Q

at the end of meiosis II, each daughter cell has a – copy of each chromosome

A

single

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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