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Life Science 2 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

A

molecule

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2
Q

structure within a cell that performs a specific function

A

organelle

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3
Q

simplest entity that has all the properties of life; a membrane-bounded unit containing DNA and cytoplasm

A

cell

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4
Q

a group of similar cells that carry out a particular function

A

tissue

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5
Q

structures composed of more than one type of tissue

A

organ

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6
Q

related organs performing a common function

A

organ system

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7
Q

an individual, independent, living entity

A

organism

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8
Q

Cells are small to maintain a large – ratio in order to function

A

surface area to volume

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9
Q

all prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, nucleoid, and cytoplasm containing –

A

ribosomes

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10
Q

outside prokaryotic cells may be a –

A

cell wall

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11
Q

bacteria’s cell wall contain –

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

prokaryote that photosynthesizes?

A

cyanobacteria

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13
Q

some prokaryotes swim using

A

flagella

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14
Q

what is projected from the surface of prokaryotic cells that is involved in mating

A

pili

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15
Q

eukaryotic cells contain an internal cytoskeleton that maintains – and moves materials

A

cell shape

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16
Q

plant cell wall is mainly composed of

A

cellulose

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17
Q

largest organelle; contains most of the cell’s DNA

A

nucleus

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18
Q

nuclear envelope is made up of two membranes perforated by –

A

nuclear pores

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19
Q

DNA is combined with protein to form –

A

chromatin

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20
Q

when the nucleus is about to divided chromatin condenses and coils tightly forming –

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

each chromosome (“colored body”) contains – which is comprised of many genes

A

one long molecule of DNA

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22
Q

T or F: the nucleus may contain more than one nucleolus

A

True

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23
Q

site of ribosome assembly

A

nucleolus

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24
Q

fluid material within the nuclear envelope

A

nucleoplasm

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25
Q

a network of proteins which maintains shape of nucleus

A

nuclear lamina

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26
Q

all cells synthesize proteins on

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

3 locations of ribosomes in eukaryotes

A
  1. free in cytoplasm
  2. attached to ER
  3. in energy-producing organelles (mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast stroma)
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28
Q

cells which synthesize proteins for export contain large amounts of –

A

ER

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29
Q

site for hydrolysis of glycogen

A

smooth ER

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30
Q

synthesis of steroids

A

smooth ER

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31
Q

makes proteins

A

rough ER

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32
Q

site for addition of short sugar chains to proteins (glycoproteins)

A

rough ER

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33
Q

cis Golgi apparatus lies closer to –

A

nucleus

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34
Q

trans Golgi apparatus lies closer to –

A

cell surface

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35
Q

modifies, packages, and sorts proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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36
Q

synthesizes some polysaccharides for the cell wall

A

Golgi apparatus

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37
Q

vesicles from the rough ER fuse with the – region of the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles are pinched off the the – region

A

cis, trans

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38
Q

specific hydrophobic sequence of about 25 amino acids at the beginning of a polypeptide chains directs it into the ER

A

signal sequence

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39
Q

signal sequence is removed by –

A

an enzyme

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40
Q

converts energy from food in to ATP

A

mitochondria

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41
Q

the size of mitochondria is similar to

A

bacteria

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42
Q

the inner membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded forming –

A

cristae

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43
Q

part of the mitochondria that contains ribosomes and DNA

A

matrix

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44
Q

almost all eukaryotes contain mitochondria except those –

A

living in environments without oxygen

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45
Q

more mitochondria are present if cells are –

A

very active

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46
Q

plastids are present in –

A

plants and some proteins

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47
Q

serves for food manufacture or storage

A

plastids (e.g. chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis)

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48
Q

plastids are surrounded by – membranes

A

2 unfolded

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49
Q

inner membrane of plastids form a stack of flattened disk-like sacs called

A

thylakoids

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50
Q

stacks of thylakoids are called

A

grana

51
Q

chlorophyll is contained in the

A

thylakoid membrane

52
Q

fluid within inner membrane of chloroplast

A

stroma

53
Q

contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

54
Q

participate in phagocytosis

A

lysosomes

55
Q

organelle that break downs and stores in plants and animals

A

peroxisomes

56
Q

organelle that break downs and stores in plants only

A

glyoxysomes

57
Q

vacuoles are present in plant cells and store – and provide –

A

waste, turgor

58
Q

maintains cell shape, facilitates cell movement and certain fibers act as tracks for “motor proteins”

A

cytoskeleton

59
Q

organelle involved in support present in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists

A

cell wall

60
Q

surround animal cells and is composed of protein (collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycan)

A

extracellular matrix

61
Q

components of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

62
Q

strands of actin

A

microfilaments

63
Q

involved in movement during animal division

A

microfilaments

64
Q

muscle contraction

A

microfilaments

65
Q

tough, fibrous protein molecules twisted into rope-like structures, which stabilize cell structure

A

intermediate filaments

66
Q

hollow cylinders made of tubulin

A

microtubules

67
Q

involved in structure and function of cilia and flagella, centrioles and movement of cellular organelles

A

microtubules

68
Q

motor proteins like – and – use energy from ATP to change their shape and move things

A

dynein and kinesin

69
Q

All cells are bounded by a

A

plasma membrane

70
Q

A plasma membrane provides a – which has the ability to transport certain molecules

A

permeability barrier

71
Q

The plasma membrane plays a key role in the –

A

response of cells to external stimuli

72
Q

Plasma membranes are also involved in energy –

A

transduction

73
Q

Membranes of composed of —

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

74
Q

– provide physical integrity to membranes

A

lipids

75
Q

– perform specific functions for the membranes such as transport

A

proteins

76
Q

– serve as recognition sites on the cell surface

A

carbohydrates

77
Q

phospholipids spontaneously form bilayer sheets in which the – point inward

A

hydrophobic tails

78
Q

as temperatures falls, lipid bilayer changes from a – state to a – state

A

fluid, rigid (gel)

79
Q

if the hydrocarbon chains of a bilayer sheet are short or have double bonds then the temperature of the phase transition is –

A

lower

80
Q

important component of plasma membrane of animal cells orients in bilayer with polar head group close to polar head group of phospholipid

A

cholesterol

81
Q

the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer prevents passage of any – molecules through the bilayer

A

water-soluble

82
Q

permeability of water-soluble molecules occur because of –

A

specific protein molecules

83
Q

explains how proteins are incorporated into the lipid bilayer

A

fluid mosaic model

84
Q

on the outer surface of the plasma membrane carbohydrates are attached to –

A

proteins or phospholipids

85
Q

– proteins penetrate into the lipid bilayer

A

integral

86
Q

most integral proteins are – proteins that penetrate all the way through the bilayer

A

transmembrane

87
Q

transmembrane proteins contain an alpha-helix of — extending across the hydrophobic interior of the membrane

A

nonpolar amino acids

88
Q

located outside the lipid bilayer on the cytoplasmic surface attached by non covalent bonds to the polar head groups of the lipid bilayer or to integral membrane proteins

A

peripheral proteins

89
Q

covalently attached to a phospholipid or fatty acid embedded in the bilayer

A

lipid-anchored proteins

90
Q

beneath the cytoplasmic surface of the red blood cell – forms a mesh

A

spectrin

91
Q

3 main roles of membrane proteins

A
  1. transport proteins
  2. receptors for molecular messengers from other cells
  3. form junctions between cells
92
Q

most carbohydrates in membranes are bound to proteins forming –

A

glycoproteins

93
Q

– form cell identity markers

A

glycolipids

94
Q

cells recognize and bind to each other via –

A

surface membrane proteins

95
Q

3 types of cell adhesion

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

96
Q

within cells, solutes distribute rapidly by – due to the short distances involved

A

diffusion

97
Q

movement is down the concentration gradient

A

diffusion

98
Q

movement is against the concentration gradient

A

active transport

99
Q

– can diffuse across the lipid bilayer

A

small nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide

100
Q

molecules with – diffuse more rapidly

A

higher lipid solubility

101
Q

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

102
Q

water diffuse out of a cell

A

hypertonic

103
Q

water diffuse into a cell

A

hypotonic

104
Q

T or F: ions (Na+) being charged can readily cross membranes

A

false

105
Q

ions pass through – to cross membranes

A

aqueous channels created by intrinsic membrane proteins

106
Q

certain molecules (glucose) bind to – in the membrane and are transported across

A

carrier proteins

107
Q

facilitated diffusion is – and may become – if all the protein carriers are in use

A

specific, saturated

108
Q

– active transport requires the direct participation of ATP

A

primary

109
Q

– active transport utilizes the energy in an ion gradient established by primary active transport

A

secondary

110
Q

the sodium-potassium pump is an example of – active transport

A

primary

111
Q

transports macromolecules, large particles, and small cells into eukaryotic cells

A

endocytosis

112
Q

in endocytosis, the – envelops materials and forms a vesicle inside the cell

A

plasma membrane

113
Q

large particles are engulfed

A

phagocytosis

114
Q

small dissolved solutes or fluids enter a cell

A

pinocytosis

115
Q

a specific membrane receptor binds to a particular macromolecule at sites called coated pits

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

116
Q

uptake of cholesterol in association with LDL is an example of – endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated

117
Q

materials in vesicles are secreted from the cell when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

118
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

119
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

during any energy interconversion, some energy is released as heat which adds to the entry of the system

120
Q

the sum of all chemical processes occurring within a cell or organism

A

metabolism

121
Q

chemical reactions establish –

A

equilibrium

122
Q

the – is the ration of the concentration of products and reactants at equilibrium

A

equilibrium constant

123
Q

a – indicates that the reaction goes far towards completion

A

high equilibrium constant

124
Q

the breaking of chemical bonds in the course of chemical reactions produces changes in –

A

Gibbs free energy

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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