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Animal Development Flashcards

1
Q

a series of mitotic divisions and cell migrations that transform the zygote into a blastula

A

cleavage

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2
Q

blastula

A

“hollow ball” of cells

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3
Q

hallow center of blastula

A

blastocoel

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4
Q

there is little increase in the overall volume during cleavage because the – become progressively smaller

A

blastomeres

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5
Q

the cells of a blastula

A

blastomeres

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6
Q

the amount of – influences cleavage

A

yolk

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7
Q

fertilization stimulates – across the egg membrane

A

ion fluxes

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8
Q

fertilization sets up blocks to the entry of – into the egg

A

additional sperm

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9
Q

fertilization changes the –of egg cytoplasm

A

pH

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10
Q

fertilization increases egg – and stimulate protein synthesis

A

metabolism

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11
Q

fertilization initiates the rapid series of – that produce a multicellular embryo

A

cell divisions

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12
Q

– is well stocked with organelles, nutrients, transcription factors, and mRNA

A

egg cytoplasm

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13
Q

sperm contributes –

A

DNA (haploid nucleus) and centriole (origin of primary cilia)

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14
Q

centriole becomes the zygote’s –

A

centrosome which organizes the mitotic spindles for subsequent cell divisions

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15
Q

molecules in the cytoplasm of amphibian egg are – distributed

A

not homogenously

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16
Q

sperm entry establishes – of the zygote

A

polarity

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17
Q

the nutrients in an unfertilized frog egg are dense yolk granules that are concentrated by gravity in the lower half of the egg called

A

vegetal pole

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18
Q

the haploid nucleus of egg is located at

A

animal pole

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19
Q

the animal cortical cytoplasm is

A

pigmented

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20
Q

frog egg is – symmetrical

A

radially

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21
Q

when a sperm binds to and enters a frog’s egg the radial symmetry turns into a – symmetry

A

bilateral

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22
Q

cortical cytoplasm rotates toward

A

the site of sperm entry

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23
Q

in amphibian eggs, cortical rotation and rearrangement of the cytoplasm after fertilization create the – opposite the point of sperm entry

A

gray crescent

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24
Q

gray crescent marks the location of

A

important developmental events

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25
Q

the centriole from sperm initiates

A

cytoplasmic reorganization (causes microtubules in vegetal pole to form a parallel array that guides movement of the cortical cytoplasm)

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26
Q

sequence of early cell divisions that transform the diploid zygote into a mass of undifferentiated cells that will develop as the embryo

A

cleavage

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27
Q

occurs in most eggs that have little yolk

A

complete cleavage

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28
Q

frogs undergo – complete cleavage

A

unequal

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29
Q

occurs in species in which the egg contains a lot of yolk and the cleavage furrows do not penetrate it all

A

incomplete cleavage

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30
Q

is a type of incomplete cleavage common in fishes and birds in which the embryo forms a disc of cells (blastodisc) that sits on top of the dense yolk mass

A

discoidal cleavage

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31
Q

variation of incomplete cleavage that occurs in fruit flies

A

superficial cleavage

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32
Q

a single cell with many nuclei

A

syncytium

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33
Q

the nuclei eventually migrate to the periphery of the egg, after which the plasma membrane grows inward, creating a – by partitioning the nuclei into individual cells surrounding a core of yolk

A

blastoderm

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34
Q

what influences the pattern of cleavage

A

amount of yolk and orientation of mitotic spindle (determined by maternal genome)

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35
Q

– cleavage occurs in mammals

A

rotational

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36
Q

mammalian cleavage is slow and asynchronous because

A

blastomeres do not undergo mitosis at the same time

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37
Q

when the zygote reaches the 8-cell stage, the blastomeres change shape to maximize their surface contact with each other forming – and become a compact mass of cells

A

tight junctions

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38
Q

At the 32-cell stage, cells separate into two groups:

A

inner mass and trophoblast

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39
Q

will become embryo

A

inner mass

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40
Q

surrounding outer cells become an encompassing sac that secretes fluids to create the blastocoel cavity with the inner cell mass at one end

A

trophoblast

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41
Q

at the 32-cell stage the embryo is called a

A

blastocyst

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42
Q

specific blastomeres generate specific

A

tissues and organs

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43
Q

loss of blastomeres results in loss of later structures

A

mosaic (determinate) development

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44
Q

loss of blastomeres doesn’t deleteriously affect the development because the remaining cells compensate for loss

A

regulated (undeterminate) development

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45
Q

cells move to new positions adn form the three germ layers from which differenitated tissues develop

A

gastrulation

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46
Q

inner most germ layer, digestive tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, thyroid, liver

47
Q

outer germ layer, nervous system and epidermis of skin

48
Q

middle layer, skeletal muscle, circulatory system, kidneys, gonads, blood cells, dermis of skin

49
Q

embryonic or unspecialized cells that migrate to other tissue layers

A

mesenchyme cells

50
Q

sea urchin gastrulation, some cells change shape and move inward to form the – other cells break free becoming primary –

A

archenteron, mesenchyme

51
Q

opening created by the invagination of the vegetal pole

A

blastopore

52
Q

blastopore becomes anus

A

deuterostomes (sea urchins and vertebrates)

53
Q

blastopore becomes mouth

A

protostomes (earthworm and insects)

54
Q

the embryo develops only partially in the uterus then finishes outside in a pouch (marsupium)

A

non Eutherian mammals

55
Q

nutrient and waste exchange in eutherian mammals occur via the

56
Q

surround the vertebrate embryo

A

extraembryonic membranes

57
Q

encloses yolk within egg

58
Q

yolk is – by cells of the yolk sac and the nutrients are transported to the embryo

59
Q

a sac for waste storage

60
Q

surrounds the embryo, forming the fluid-filled amniotic cavity that protects the embryo

61
Q

forms a continuous membrane just under the eggshell; reduces water loss and exchanges gases

62
Q

the amniotic egg provides an – environment for development of the embryo

63
Q

the yolk sac is the – and – layers that surround the yolk to absorb its nutrients

A

mesoderm and endoderm

64
Q

the – forms the umbilical cord in eutherian mammals

65
Q

chorion layers

A

ectoderm and mesoderm

66
Q

amnion layers

A

mesoderm and ectoderm

67
Q

allantois layers

A

mesoderm and endoderm

68
Q

in placental mammals, the first extraembryonic membrane to form is the –

A

trophoblast

69
Q

the inner cell mass consists of – and –

A

hypoblast and epiblast

70
Q

trophoblast cells interact with the – and adhesion molecules and adhesion molecules attach them to the –

A

endometrium, uterine wall

71
Q

the trophoblast – into the uterine wall and sends out – to increase contact with maternal blood

A

burrows, villi

72
Q

hypoblast cells form the

73
Q

the placenta develops from the – and – tissues

A

chorion and uterine

74
Q

the epiblast produces the –

75
Q

rupturing of the amnion and chorion and loss of the – = water break

A

amniotic fluid

76
Q

the process of embryonic/fetal development from fertilization to birth (parturition)

A

gestation or pregnancy

77
Q

first trimester =

A

“embryonic” development

78
Q

in the first trimester the embryo becomes a –

79
Q

heart begins to beat by week

80
Q

limbs form by week

81
Q

first trimester is a time of – cell division and tissue differentiation

82
Q

second trimester

A

limbs elongate
fingers, toes, and facial features form
nervous system develops rapidly
first fetal movements are felt

83
Q

third trimester

A

internal organs mature
brain goes through sleep-wake cycles
birth occurs when lungs are mature

84
Q

increased ratio of – to – at the end of 3rd trimester

A

estrogen to progesterone

85
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by the chorion during

A

first trimester

86
Q

During the first trimester, hCG keeps the – functional which keeps producing high E and P levels to prevent ovulation from occuring

A

corpus luteum

87
Q

Due to its highly negative chard, hCG may repel the – of the mother, protecting the fetus during the first trimester

A

immune cells

88
Q

hormonal changes during the first trimester cause

A

“morning sickness”

89
Q

rapid fetal development occurs during the – trimester

90
Q

during the second trimester, the placenta produces lots of E and P from – (eg the steroid biosynthetic pathway) which continues to inhibit ovulation and menstruation

A

circulating androgens

91
Q

during the third trimester the – ratio increases

92
Q

amniotic fluid is withdrawn

A

amniocentesis

93
Q

amniocentesis - chromosomal abnormalities, sex determination, week –, risk 0.5% miscarriage

94
Q

not as invasive as amniocentesis during week – risk 0.5-1% miscarriage

A

chorionic villus sampling, 10-12

95
Q

ultrasound early week 6-10 = / week 10-13 =

A

vaginal, belly

96
Q

ultrasound measures

A

nuchal translucency

97
Q

an accumulation of fluid at the base of the baby’s neck that is expected to be seen in all pregnancies

A

nuchal translucency

98
Q

a nuchal translucency measurement above – is considered abnormal

A

3.0 - 3.5mm

99
Q

an increased nuchal translucency is associated with a higher risk for –

A

chromosome abnormality or structural defect

100
Q

absence of testosterone and MIH –>

A

mullerian duct system (fallopian tubes and uterus)

101
Q

presence of testosterone and MIH –>

A

wolffian duct system (epididymis and vas deferens)

102
Q

during the first trimester in humans, embryonic gonadal tissue (the mesoderm) develops into – due to the expression of the gene on the Y chromosome

103
Q

5-alpha DHT promotes the development of – into male genitalia

A

undifferentiated external genitalia

104
Q

XY gonads produce androgen –>

105
Q

XX no androgen –>

106
Q

XY but androgen receptor defect –>

A

inside testes outside female

107
Q

XY 5-alpha reductase deficient –>

A

internal male, external micropenis

108
Q

XY no androgen –>

A

fertile female

109
Q

XX androgen production

A

oversized clitoris and fused labia

110
Q

XY androgen/no-androgen

A

fertile male, micropenis

111
Q

Later in fetus XY no androgen

A

baby boy with micropenis

112
Q

a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male

113
Q

consequences of normalizing procedures

A

loss of sensory tissue, memories of child sexual trauma, surgeries intensify the feeling of shame and alienation they are meant to eliminate

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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