Animal Development Flashcards
a series of mitotic divisions and cell migrations that transform the zygote into a blastula
cleavage
blastula
“hollow ball” of cells
hallow center of blastula
blastocoel
there is little increase in the overall volume during cleavage because the – become progressively smaller
blastomeres
the cells of a blastula
blastomeres
the amount of – influences cleavage
yolk
fertilization stimulates – across the egg membrane
ion fluxes
fertilization sets up blocks to the entry of – into the egg
additional sperm
fertilization changes the –of egg cytoplasm
pH
fertilization increases egg – and stimulate protein synthesis
metabolism
fertilization initiates the rapid series of – that produce a multicellular embryo
cell divisions
– is well stocked with organelles, nutrients, transcription factors, and mRNA
egg cytoplasm
sperm contributes –
DNA (haploid nucleus) and centriole (origin of primary cilia)
centriole becomes the zygote’s –
centrosome which organizes the mitotic spindles for subsequent cell divisions
molecules in the cytoplasm of amphibian egg are – distributed
not homogenously
sperm entry establishes – of the zygote
polarity
the nutrients in an unfertilized frog egg are dense yolk granules that are concentrated by gravity in the lower half of the egg called
vegetal pole
the haploid nucleus of egg is located at
animal pole
the animal cortical cytoplasm is
pigmented
frog egg is – symmetrical
radially
when a sperm binds to and enters a frog’s egg the radial symmetry turns into a – symmetry
bilateral
cortical cytoplasm rotates toward
the site of sperm entry
in amphibian eggs, cortical rotation and rearrangement of the cytoplasm after fertilization create the – opposite the point of sperm entry
gray crescent
gray crescent marks the location of
important developmental events
the centriole from sperm initiates
cytoplasmic reorganization (causes microtubules in vegetal pole to form a parallel array that guides movement of the cortical cytoplasm)
sequence of early cell divisions that transform the diploid zygote into a mass of undifferentiated cells that will develop as the embryo
cleavage
occurs in most eggs that have little yolk
complete cleavage
frogs undergo – complete cleavage
unequal
occurs in species in which the egg contains a lot of yolk and the cleavage furrows do not penetrate it all
incomplete cleavage
is a type of incomplete cleavage common in fishes and birds in which the embryo forms a disc of cells (blastodisc) that sits on top of the dense yolk mass
discoidal cleavage
variation of incomplete cleavage that occurs in fruit flies
superficial cleavage
a single cell with many nuclei
syncytium
the nuclei eventually migrate to the periphery of the egg, after which the plasma membrane grows inward, creating a – by partitioning the nuclei into individual cells surrounding a core of yolk
blastoderm
what influences the pattern of cleavage
amount of yolk and orientation of mitotic spindle (determined by maternal genome)
– cleavage occurs in mammals
rotational
mammalian cleavage is slow and asynchronous because
blastomeres do not undergo mitosis at the same time
when the zygote reaches the 8-cell stage, the blastomeres change shape to maximize their surface contact with each other forming – and become a compact mass of cells
tight junctions
At the 32-cell stage, cells separate into two groups:
inner mass and trophoblast
will become embryo
inner mass
surrounding outer cells become an encompassing sac that secretes fluids to create the blastocoel cavity with the inner cell mass at one end
trophoblast
at the 32-cell stage the embryo is called a
blastocyst
specific blastomeres generate specific
tissues and organs
loss of blastomeres results in loss of later structures
mosaic (determinate) development
loss of blastomeres doesn’t deleteriously affect the development because the remaining cells compensate for loss
regulated (undeterminate) development
cells move to new positions adn form the three germ layers from which differenitated tissues develop
gastrulation