Cell Communication

Question 1

Endocrine glands secrete – (chemical messengers) into blood

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

Hormones act on –, which must have appropriate – to bind the hormone and bring about a physiological response

Answer 2

target cells, receptors

Question 3

The – is composed of endocrine glands located throughout the body and generally regulates activities that require – rather than sped

Answer 3

endocrine system, duration

Question 4

comprise most hormones, including those secreted by hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid

Answer 4

peptides

Question 5

type of hormone derived from the amino acid tyrosine and include the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and adrenal medulla

Answer 5

amines

Question 6

adrenomedullary hormones are called

Answer 6

catecholamines

Question 7

type of hormone that are neutral lipids derived from cholesterol; include hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes

Answer 7

steroids

Question 8

– and – hormones are lipid soluble (lipophilic)

Answer 8

steroids and thyroid hormones

Question 9

How are water soluble hormones transported?

Answer 9

dissolved in the plasma

Question 10

How are lipophilic hormones transported?

Answer 10

bound to plasma proteins

Question 11

How do hormones generally produce their effect?

Answer 11

by altering intracellular protein activity

Question 12

Hormones bind with specific –

Answer 12

target cell receptors

Question 13

Hormones bind to target cell receptors –> start chain of events in target cell –> which then

Answer 13

produce effects characteristic to that hormone

Question 14

Based on the location of their receptors, hormones can be classified into – and –

Answer 14

plasma membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

Question 15

hydrophilic peptides and catecholamines, being poorly soluble in lipid are unable to cross the lipid bilayer and bind to specific –

Answer 15

plasma membrane receptors

Question 16

lipophilic steroids and thyroid hormones cross the lipid bilayer and bind to specific –

Answer 16

intracellular receptors (in cytoplasm)

Question 17

T or F: Hormone responses can differ depending on the target cell

Answer 17

True

Question 18

3 types of cell surface receptors

Answer 18

ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein linked receptors, enzyme linked receptors

Question 19

Acetylcholine receptor is an example of –

Answer 19

ligand-gated ion channels

Question 20

What do guanyl nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) act as?

Answer 20

molecular switches

Question 21

G proteins are active when – is bound

Answer 21

GTP

Question 22

G proteins are inactive when – is bound due to action of intrinsic GTPase

Answer 22

GDP

Question 23

insulin is an example of –

Answer 23

enzyme-linked receptors

Question 24

What are the three types of extracellular signaling molecules?

Answer 24

hormones, paracrine signals, neurotransmitters

Question 25

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is formed from ATP by -- an enzyme that is activated by a G protein

Answer 25

adenylyl cyclase

Question 26

cAMP is a -- messenger

Answer 26

second

Question 27

most of the effects of cAMP involve binding to and activating

Answer 27

cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA)

Question 28

activated PKA phosphorylates specific proteins on -- or -- residues, leading to some physiological change

Answer 28

serine, threonine

Question 29

Why so may steps in the Glycogenolytic cascade?

Answer 29

amplification

Question 30

each molecule of epinephrine binding to its receptor on the liver plasma membrane can release -- molecules of -- into the bloodstream

Answer 30

10,000, glucose

Question 31

-- dephosphorylate key enzymes in glycogenolytic cascade

Answer 31

phosphatases

Question 32

calcium binding protein

Answer 32

calmodulin

Question 33

PIP2

Answer 33

phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate

Question 34

DAG

Answer 34

diacylyglycerol

Question 35

IP3

Answer 35

inositol trisphosphate

Question 36

TNF can trigger

Answer 36

Tumor necrosis Factor can trigger apoptosis

Question 37

signaling pathways such as the one involved in apoptosis can be very complex and interlinked

Answer 37

cross-talk

Question 38

vessels get wider

Answer 38

vasodilation

Question 39

Where is TSH found?

Answer 39

anterior pituitary

Question 40

Where is FSH found?

Answer 40

anterior pituitary

Question 41

Where is LH found?

Answer 41

anterior pituitary

Question 42

Where is ACTH found?

Answer 42

anterior pituitary

Question 43

Where is GH found?

Answer 43

anterior pituitary

Question 44

Where is prolactin found?

Answer 44

anterior pituitary

Question 45

Where is melanocyte found?

Answer 45

anterior pituitary

Question 46

Where is endorphins and enkephalins found?

Answer 46

anterior pituitary

Question 47

activates thyroid gland

Answer 47

Thyrotropin (TSH)

Question 48

stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in females; stimulates spermatogenesis in males

Answer 48

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 49

triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone in females; stimulates testosterone production in males

Answer 49

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 50

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Answer 50

Corticotropin (ACTH)

Question 51

stimulates protein synthesis and growth

Answer 51

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 52

stimulates milk production

Answer 52

prolactin

Question 53

melanin production

Answer 53

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 54

pain control

Answer 54

endorphins and enkephalins

Question 55

anterior pituitary is controlled by the release and release-inhibiting neurohormones of --

Answer 55

the hypothalamus

Question 56

posterior pituitary receives and releases --

Answer 56

2 hypothalamic hormones

Question 57

stimulates contraction of uterus, flow of milk, inter individual bonding

Answer 57

oxytocin

Question 58

promotes water conservation by kidneys

Answer 58

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Question 59

Where is thymosin found?

Answer 59

thymus (which diminishes in adults)

Question 60

activates immune system T cells

Answer 60

thymosin

Question 61

Where is insulin found?

Answer 61

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

Question 62

Where is glucagon found?

Answer 62

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

Question 63

Where is somatostatin found?

Answer 63

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

Question 64

stimulates cells to take up and use glucose

Answer 64

insulin

Question 65

stimulates liver to release glucose

Answer 65

glucagon

Question 66

slows release of insulin and glucagon and digestive tract functions

Answer 66

somatostatin

Question 67

Where is melatonin found?

Answer 67

pineal gland

Question 68

regulates biological rhythms

Answer 68

melatonin

Question 69

Where is thyroxine found?

Answer 69

thyroid gland

Question 70

Where is calcitonin found?

Answer 70

thyroid gland

Question 71

increase cell metabolism; essential for growth and neural development

Answer 71

thyroxine

Question 72

stimulates incorporation of calcium into bone

Answer 72

calcitonin

Question 73

Where is PTH found?

Answer 73

parathyroid gland

Question 74

stimulates release of calcium from bone and absorption of calcium by kidney and gut

Answer 74

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 75

Where is cortisol found?

Answer 75

Adrenal Gland - cortex

Question 76

Where is aldosterone found?

Answer 76

Adrenal Gland - cortex

Question 77

Where is sex steroids found?

Answer 77

Adrenal Gland - cortex

Question 78

Where is epinephrine found?

Answer 78

Adrenal Gland - medulla

Question 79

mediates metabolic responses to stress

Answer 79

cortisol

Question 80

involved in salt and water balance

Answer 80

aldosterone

Question 81

stimulate immediate fight-or-flight response

Answer 81

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 82

development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics

Answer 82

testosterone

Question 83

development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics

Answer 83

estrogen

Question 84

supports pregnancy

Answer 84

progesterone

Question 85

an intercellular chemical messenger that travels within body tissue

Answer 85

hormone

Question 86

hormones can travel farther than -- which are also chemical messengers

Answer 86

neurotransmitters

Question 87

hormones travel between what two types of cells

Answer 87

endocrine cells and target cells

Question 88

produces and/or stores hormones

Answer 88

endocrine cells

Question 89

T or F: a target cell likely has more than one type of receptor and secondary messenger

Answer 89

TRUE

Question 90

a chemical message that is released into surrounding extracellular fluids that exert only localized effects (paracrine, autocrine)

Answer 90

local hormones

Question 91

a hormone that is released by mast cells; it diffuses into damaged tissue to dilate local blood vessels as part of the inflammation response

Answer 91

histamine

Question 92

a chemical message released into the circulatory system with the goal of reaching more "distant" cells

Answer 92

circulating hormone

Question 93

organs composed of clusters of secretory cells

Answer 93

glands

Question 94

release secretions to outside of the body through ducts (e.g. salivary and sweat glands)

Answer 94

exocrine glands

Question 95

"ductless" glands that store and release hormones into extracellular fluid from which it may enter the body's circulatory system

Answer 95

endocrine glands

Question 96

What two body systems mediate homeostasis?

Answer 96

nervous and endocrine systems

Question 97

Hormones might be secreted by dispersed cells such as --, --, --

Answer 97

nerve cells (neurohormones), digestive tract cells, mast cells in tissue

Question 98

TRF

Answer 98

thyrotropin-releasing factor

Question 99

GnRF

Answer 99

gonadotropin-releasing factor

Question 100

CRF

Answer 100

corticotropin-releasing factor

Question 101

GRF

Answer 101

growth hormone -releasing factor

Question 102

200 AA polypeptide. stimulates cells to take up AAs for protein synthesis. promotes body growth by stimulating live cells to produce somatomedins that stimulate bond and cartilage growth

Answer 102

growth hormone

Question 103

helps in pregnancy and stimulates production and secretion of milk in females; helps control endocrine function of testes in males

Answer 103

prolactin

Question 104

controls skin pigmentation; also believed to control unidentified functions

Answer 104

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 105

Adrenocorticotropin, MS< endorphins, and enkephalins are produced by cleavage -- or large, parent polypeptide called --

Answer 105

proteolysis, propio-melanocortin