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Life Science 2 > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands secrete – (chemical messengers) into blood

A

hormones

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2
Q

Hormones act on –, which must have appropriate – to bind the hormone and bring about a physiological response

A

target cells, receptors

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3
Q

The – is composed of endocrine glands located throughout the body and generally regulates activities that require – rather than sped

A

endocrine system, duration

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4
Q

comprise most hormones, including those secreted by hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid

A

peptides

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5
Q

type of hormone derived from the amino acid tyrosine and include the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and adrenal medulla

A

amines

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6
Q

adrenomedullary hormones are called

A

catecholamines

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7
Q

type of hormone that are neutral lipids derived from cholesterol; include hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes

A

steroids

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8
Q

– and – hormones are lipid soluble (lipophilic)

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

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9
Q

How are water soluble hormones transported?

A

dissolved in the plasma

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10
Q

How are lipophilic hormones transported?

A

bound to plasma proteins

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11
Q

How do hormones generally produce their effect?

A

by altering intracellular protein activity

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12
Q

Hormones bind with specific –

A

target cell receptors

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13
Q

Hormones bind to target cell receptors –> start chain of events in target cell –> which then

A

produce effects characteristic to that hormone

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14
Q

Based on the location of their receptors, hormones can be classified into – and –

A

plasma membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

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15
Q

hydrophilic peptides and catecholamines, being poorly soluble in lipid are unable to cross the lipid bilayer and bind to specific –

A

plasma membrane receptors

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16
Q

lipophilic steroids and thyroid hormones cross the lipid bilayer and bind to specific –

A

intracellular receptors (in cytoplasm)

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17
Q

T or F: Hormone responses can differ depending on the target cell

A

True

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18
Q

3 types of cell surface receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein linked receptors, enzyme linked receptors

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19
Q

Acetylcholine receptor is an example of –

A

ligand-gated ion channels

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20
Q

What do guanyl nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) act as?

A

molecular switches

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21
Q

G proteins are active when – is bound

A

GTP

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22
Q

G proteins are inactive when – is bound due to action of intrinsic GTPase

A

GDP

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23
Q

insulin is an example of –

A

enzyme-linked receptors

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24
Q

What are the three types of extracellular signaling molecules?

A

hormones, paracrine signals, neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is formed from ATP by – an enzyme that is activated by a G protein

A

adenylyl cyclase

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26
Q

cAMP is a – messenger

A

second

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27
Q

most of the effects of cAMP involve binding to and activating

A

cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA)

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28
Q

activated PKA phosphorylates specific proteins on – or – residues, leading to some physiological change

A

serine, threonine

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29
Q

Why so may steps in the Glycogenolytic cascade?

A

amplification

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30
Q

each molecule of epinephrine binding to its receptor on the liver plasma membrane can release – molecules of – into the bloodstream

A

10,000, glucose

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31
Q

– dephosphorylate key enzymes in glycogenolytic cascade

A

phosphatases

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32
Q

calcium binding protein

A

calmodulin

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33
Q

PIP2

A

phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate

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34
Q

DAG

A

diacylyglycerol

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35
Q

IP3

A

inositol trisphosphate

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36
Q

TNF can trigger

A

Tumor necrosis Factor can trigger apoptosis

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37
Q

signaling pathways such as the one involved in apoptosis can be very complex and interlinked

A

cross-talk

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38
Q

vessels get wider

A

vasodilation

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39
Q

Where is TSH found?

A

anterior pituitary

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40
Q

Where is FSH found?

A

anterior pituitary

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41
Q

Where is LH found?

A

anterior pituitary

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42
Q

Where is ACTH found?

A

anterior pituitary

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43
Q

Where is GH found?

A

anterior pituitary

44
Q

Where is prolactin found?

A

anterior pituitary

45
Q

Where is melanocyte found?

A

anterior pituitary

46
Q

Where is endorphins and enkephalins found?

A

anterior pituitary

47
Q

activates thyroid gland

A

Thyrotropin (TSH)

48
Q

stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in females; stimulates spermatogenesis in males

A

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)

49
Q

triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone in females; stimulates testosterone production in males

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

50
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

A

Corticotropin (ACTH)

51
Q

stimulates protein synthesis and growth

A

Growth hormone (GH)

52
Q

stimulates milk production

53
Q

melanin production

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

54
Q

pain control

A

endorphins and enkephalins

55
Q

anterior pituitary is controlled by the release and release-inhibiting neurohormones of –

A

the hypothalamus

56
Q

posterior pituitary receives and releases –

A

2 hypothalamic hormones

57
Q

stimulates contraction of uterus, flow of milk, inter individual bonding

58
Q

promotes water conservation by kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

59
Q

Where is thymosin found?

A

thymus (which diminishes in adults)

60
Q

activates immune system T cells

61
Q

Where is insulin found?

A

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

62
Q

Where is glucagon found?

A

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

63
Q

Where is somatostatin found?

A

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

64
Q

stimulates cells to take up and use glucose

65
Q

stimulates liver to release glucose

66
Q

slows release of insulin and glucagon and digestive tract functions

A

somatostatin

67
Q

Where is melatonin found?

A

pineal gland

68
Q

regulates biological rhythms

69
Q

Where is thyroxine found?

A

thyroid gland

70
Q

Where is calcitonin found?

A

thyroid gland

71
Q

increase cell metabolism; essential for growth and neural development

72
Q

stimulates incorporation of calcium into bone

A

calcitonin

73
Q

Where is PTH found?

A

parathyroid gland

74
Q

stimulates release of calcium from bone and absorption of calcium by kidney and gut

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

75
Q

Where is cortisol found?

A

Adrenal Gland - cortex

76
Q

Where is aldosterone found?

A

Adrenal Gland - cortex

77
Q

Where is sex steroids found?

A

Adrenal Gland - cortex

78
Q

Where is epinephrine found?

A

Adrenal Gland - medulla

79
Q

mediates metabolic responses to stress

80
Q

involved in salt and water balance

A

aldosterone

81
Q

stimulate immediate fight-or-flight response

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

82
Q

development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

83
Q

development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics

84
Q

supports pregnancy

A

progesterone

85
Q

an intercellular chemical messenger that travels within body tissue

86
Q

hormones can travel farther than – which are also chemical messengers

A

neurotransmitters

87
Q

hormones travel between what two types of cells

A

endocrine cells and target cells

88
Q

produces and/or stores hormones

A

endocrine cells

89
Q

T or F: a target cell likely has more than one type of receptor and secondary messenger

90
Q

a chemical message that is released into surrounding extracellular fluids that exert only localized effects (paracrine, autocrine)

A

local hormones

91
Q

a hormone that is released by mast cells; it diffuses into damaged tissue to dilate local blood vessels as part of the inflammation response

92
Q

a chemical message released into the circulatory system with the goal of reaching more “distant” cells

A

circulating hormone

93
Q

organs composed of clusters of secretory cells

94
Q

release secretions to outside of the body through ducts (e.g. salivary and sweat glands)

A

exocrine glands

95
Q

“ductless” glands that store and release hormones into extracellular fluid from which it may enter the body’s circulatory system

A

endocrine glands

96
Q

What two body systems mediate homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

97
Q

Hormones might be secreted by dispersed cells such as –, –, –

A

nerve cells (neurohormones), digestive tract cells, mast cells in tissue

98
Q

TRF

A

thyrotropin-releasing factor

99
Q

GnRF

A

gonadotropin-releasing factor

100
Q

CRF

A

corticotropin-releasing factor

101
Q

GRF

A

growth hormone -releasing factor

102
Q

200 AA polypeptide. stimulates cells to take up AAs for protein synthesis. promotes body growth by stimulating live cells to produce somatomedins that stimulate bond and cartilage growth

A

growth hormone

103
Q

helps in pregnancy and stimulates production and secretion of milk in females; helps control endocrine function of testes in males

104
Q

controls skin pigmentation; also believed to control unidentified functions

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

105
Q

Adrenocorticotropin, MS< endorphins, and enkephalins are produced by cleavage – or large, parent polypeptide called –

A

proteolysis, propio-melanocortin

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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