Diversity of Life Flashcards
1
Q
atmosphere contains –% oxygen
A
21
2
Q
chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs wavelengths of –
A
red and blue light (660 and 430 nm)
3
Q
plants’ roots anchor and also –
A
absorb water and nutrients
4
Q
root hairs increase the –
A
absorption surface area
5
Q
– carries water and minerals up to the leaves
A
xylem
6
Q
– carries glucose from the leaves
A
phloem
7
Q
gas exchange and transpiration occur through the – whose opening is regulated by –
A
stomata, guard cells
8
Q
stomata will open when the guards cells become –
A
turgid/swollen
9
Q
stomata will close when K+ is moved out of the cell causing water to leave as well and make the guard cells –
A
flaccid/shrunken
10
Q
turgidity of guard cells are caused by
A
accumulation of K+ ions
11
Q
male reproductive organ of angiosperms
A
stamen
12
Q
female reproductive organ of angiosperms
A
carpel
13
Q
stamen is made up of –
A
anther and filament
14
Q
carpel is made up of –
A
stigma, style, and ovary
15
Q
inside a carpel’s ovary are –
A
ovule, embryo sac, and egg
16
Q
pollen is carried from the – to the –
A
stamen to the stigma
17
Q
– develops into the fruit
A
ovary
18
Q
fruit protects the seed that developed from the –
A
ovule
19
Q
all fungi are – meaning that they gain nutrients from other organisms
A
heterotrophs
20
Q
fungi secrete enzymes to break down organic molecules and absorb them through –
A
the cell membrane
21
Q
fungi feed on dead/decaying organisms or have – relationships with living organisms
A
parasitic
22
Q
a multicellular fungus’ – is the structure that grows near food sources
A
mycelium
23
Q
part of the mycelium that are filaments where the nucleus of each cell is located
A
hyphae
24
Q
fungi are classified by
A
reproductive structures and mechanisms
25
in fungal asexual reproduction, -- are formed in specialized structures and perform mitosis to generate offspring
spores
26
sometimes, fungal spores are not used in reproduction as cell fragment to form new cells in the process of --
budding
27
sexual reproduction is a less common means of reproduction in -- and often occurs only when environmental factors are poor
fungi
28
In fungal sexual reproductions, two gametes fuse resulting in a diploid cell that performs meiosis and produces --
haploid spores
29
single celled fungi, reproduce by budding
yeasts
30
"sac fungi" that contain --, which are sacs that contain haploid spores
asci
31
"club fungi" that form -- (club-shaped structures) that contain haploid spores
basidia
32
perform sexual reproduction by gamete fusion, meiosis, and the production of haploid spores
zygomycetes
33
produce flagellated spores; most species are parasites or decomposers that live in water
chytrids
34
"imperfect fungi" always reproduce asexually
deuteromycetes
35
formed from an interaction between fungus and a photosynthesized such as algae
lichens
36
includes organisms that have a prokaryotic cell that lacks a nucleus
monera
37
Bacteria are classified by the way they -- from the environment or on their oxygen requirements
obtain nutrients
38
bacterial species that produce their own nutrients through the process of photosynthesis, using CO2 from the environment
photoautotrophs
39
bacteria that photosynthesize but cannot use CO2 from the environment; get carbon from other sources
photoheterotrophs
40
bacteria that get their energy from inorganic compounds and their carbon from CO2
chemoautotrophs
41
bacteria that get their energy from inorganic compounds and carbon not from CO2
chemoheterotrophs
42
bacteria that always require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration
obligate aerobes
43
bacteria that never need oxygen and generally not dividing and some cases can be killed by exposure to oxygen
obligate anaerobes
44
bacteria that only need oxygen sometimes
facultative anaerobes
45
bacteria that are circular in shape, they may exist singly, in pairs, in clusters, or in chains
cocci
46
bacteria that are rod or oblong shaped; they may occur in chains
bacilli
47
bacteria that have a spiral shape
spirilli
48
circular bateria that exist in pairs
diplococci
49
circular bacteria that exist in cluster
staphylococci
50
circular bacteria that exist in chains
streptococci
51
its cell envelope consists of cell membrane a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein)
gram-positive bacteria
52
its cell envelope consists of a cell membrane (inner membrane), the perisplasm, thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan, and and outer membrane
gram-negative bacteria
53
space between the inner and outer membrane
periplasm
54
some bacterial cells contain small additional loops of DNA called --
plasmids
55
plasmids often contain genes to code for --
resistance
56
-- is a layer of sugars and proteins on the outer surface of some bacterial cells that forms a sticky layer that can help the cell attach to surfaces and keep bacterial cells from being phagocytosed
capsule
57
bacterial flagella consist of the protein flagellin in a hollow, helical conformation that anchors into the --
cell membrane
58
-- in the cell membrane provides power to rotate each flagellum
proton pump
59
-- are tiny proteins that generally cover the surface of some types of bacterial cells to assist in adhesion
pili
60
A few species of bacteria are cable of creating -- when environmental conditions are not favorable
spores
61
when bacteria are in spore form they are capable of surviving --
bad conditions for years
62
Since bacteria lack nucleus they cannot perform --
mitosis
63
bacteria divide by --
binary fission
64
three ways to introduce variation into bacterial population
mutation, conjugation, or transformation
65
in the process of -- one bacterial cell copies its plasmid which is passed to another cell
conjugation
66
most commonly studied type of plasmid to be passed is called
F plasmid (F factor)
67
the physical connection between F+ and F-
sex pilus
68
sex pilus is made by
male or F+
69
once conjugation is complete, both cells are -- and contain the plasmid
male
70
Using conjugation provides a -- mechanism to pass plasmids within a population
rapid
71
T or F: sometimes plasmids become integrated into the chromosomes and so some of the bacterial chromosome can be transferred during conjugation
true
72
some bacteria are resistant to multiple antibiotics because they have picked up several -- (which encode for resistance) via conjugation
plasmids
73
some bacteria pick up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own chromosomal DNA
transformation
74
bacteria capable of transformation are termed
competent
75
T or F: bacteria can only be naturally competent
false: some bacteria are naturally competent others can be coerced to develop competence by artificial lab means
76
regulation of bacterial gene expression is primarily by
operons
77
-- on the DNA where RNA polymerase must bind
promoter sequence
78
Can the gene be transcribed if the promoter is inaccessible?
no
79
-- on the DNA where a repressor protein can bind
operator sequence
80
When a repressor is bound to the operator, the promotor sequence will be blocked such that the -- cannot access the site
RNA polymerase
81
A -- that produces a repressor protein when expressed
regulator gene
82
-- which are actual genes being regulated by the operon
structural genes
83
operons that are "off"
inducible
84
operons that are "on"
repressible
85
In an inducible operon, the repressor always binds to the -- so that transcription is always prevented unless an inducer is present
operator
86
When a -- is present, it binds to the repressor, preventing the repressor from binding to the operator --> transcription
inducer
87
In repressible operon systems, the repressor is always -- such that transcription always occurs
inactive
88
In repressible operon systems, only when a -- is present to interact with the repressor can transcription be inhibited
corepressor
89
All operons have 4 basic features
promoter sequence, operator sequence, regulator gene, and structural genes
90
Stages of bacterial growth cycle
lag, logarithmic growth, stationary phase, and decline
91
In bacteria, there is an initial -- in growth that occurs when a new population of bacteria begins to reproduce
lag
92
lag time is normally --
brief
93
As bacteria begin to perform binary fission at a very rapid rate, -- occurs
logarithmic growth
94
As the number of bacteria increase, resources such as food and space decrease and while some bacteria are still dividing, some are dying which evens out the population
stationary phase
95
As the population hits it maximum, the lack of nutrients as well as toxins means that the population will begin to --
decline
96
During decline, few species of bacteria will start making --
spores
97
most yeasts and some molds
ascomycetes
98
fungi all sexual reproduction via conjugation and nuclear fission (mushrooms)
basidiomycetes
99
most bread molds
zygomycetes
100
viruses only need -- and --
genetic material (DNA or RNA) and capsid (protective protein coat)
101
T or F: viruses can self-assemble
true
102
T or F: The viral genome (a collection of all the genes present) can consist of only a few genes
False: they can range up to a few 100 genes
103
viruses are categorized as
animal viruses, plant viruses or bacteriophages
104
In order for a virus to infect a cell, that cell must have a -- for the virus
receptor
105
Viruses can -- another substance for which a cell has a legitimate need and thus have a receptor for it
mimic
106
After bidding to a host cell's membrane receptor, the viral genetic material enters the host by -- or --
injecting itself across the cell membrane or endocytosis
107
Because each virus contains a copy of the original genetic material, they should all b genetically --
identical
108
-- are the primary ways to induce variation into the viral population
mutations
109
Release of new viruses can be via -- of the cell membrane which immediately kills the host cell
lysis
110
the new viruses are shipped out of the host cell via exocytosis
budding
111
Budding does not immediately kill the host cell but --
may eventually kill it
112
Some viruses are capable of alternating between -- and -- forms
latent and active
113
infection caused by specific -- (such as cold sores) are notorious for alternating between active and lateen forms
herpes viruses
114
-- was the first retrovirus discovered
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
115
process of converting viral RNA backward to DNA
reverse transcription
116
reverse transcription is achieved by
reverse transcriptase
117
Animals are unique because the embryos go through a -- stage (no other kingdom)
blastula
118
plants use -- to respond to sunlight
auxins
119
-- are believed to be the first eukaryotes
protists
120
methane generators
methanogens
121
salt lovers
halophiles
122
DNA viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
123
When viruses infect new bacterial hosts, delivering viral genome and some bacterial genes
transduction
