Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Science 2 > Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Diversity of Life Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atmosphere contains –% oxygen

A

21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs wavelengths of –

A

red and blue light (660 and 430 nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

plants’ roots anchor and also –

A

absorb water and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

root hairs increase the –

A

absorption surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

– carries water and minerals up to the leaves

A

xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

– carries glucose from the leaves

A

phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

gas exchange and transpiration occur through the – whose opening is regulated by –

A

stomata, guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stomata will open when the guards cells become –

A

turgid/swollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stomata will close when K+ is moved out of the cell causing water to leave as well and make the guard cells –

A

flaccid/shrunken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

turgidity of guard cells are caused by

A

accumulation of K+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

male reproductive organ of angiosperms

A

stamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

female reproductive organ of angiosperms

A

carpel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stamen is made up of –

A

anther and filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carpel is made up of –

A

stigma, style, and ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inside a carpel’s ovary are –

A

ovule, embryo sac, and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pollen is carried from the – to the –

A

stamen to the stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

– develops into the fruit

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fruit protects the seed that developed from the –

A

ovule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

all fungi are – meaning that they gain nutrients from other organisms

A

heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fungi secrete enzymes to break down organic molecules and absorb them through –

A

the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fungi feed on dead/decaying organisms or have – relationships with living organisms

A

parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a multicellular fungus’ – is the structure that grows near food sources

A

mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

part of the mycelium that are filaments where the nucleus of each cell is located

A

hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

fungi are classified by

A

reproductive structures and mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in fungal asexual reproduction, – are formed in specialized structures and perform mitosis to generate offspring

A

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sometimes, fungal spores are not used in reproduction as cell fragment to form new cells in the process of –

A

budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

sexual reproduction is a less common means of reproduction in – and often occurs only when environmental factors are poor

A

fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In fungal sexual reproductions, two gametes fuse resulting in a diploid cell that performs meiosis and produces –

A

haploid spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

single celled fungi, reproduce by budding

A

yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

“sac fungi” that contain –, which are sacs that contain haploid spores

A

asci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

“club fungi” that form – (club-shaped structures) that contain haploid spores

A

basidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

perform sexual reproduction by gamete fusion, meiosis, and the production of haploid spores

A

zygomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

produce flagellated spores; most species are parasites or decomposers that live in water

A

chytrids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

“imperfect fungi” always reproduce asexually

A

deuteromycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

formed from an interaction between fungus and a photosynthesized such as algae

A

lichens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

includes organisms that have a prokaryotic cell that lacks a nucleus

A

monera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bacteria are classified by the way they – from the environment or on their oxygen requirements

A

obtain nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bacterial species that produce their own nutrients through the process of photosynthesis, using CO2 from the environment

A

photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

bacteria that photosynthesize but cannot use CO2 from the environment; get carbon from other sources

A

photoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

bacteria that get their energy from inorganic compounds and their carbon from CO2

A

chemoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

bacteria that get their energy from inorganic compounds and carbon not from CO2

A

chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

bacteria that always require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration

A

obligate aerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

bacteria that never need oxygen and generally not dividing and some cases can be killed by exposure to oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

bacteria that only need oxygen sometimes

A

facultative anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

bacteria that are circular in shape, they may exist singly, in pairs, in clusters, or in chains

A

cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

bacteria that are rod or oblong shaped; they may occur in chains

A

bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

bacteria that have a spiral shape

A

spirilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

circular bateria that exist in pairs

A

diplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

circular bacteria that exist in cluster

A

staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

circular bacteria that exist in chains

A

streptococci

51
Q

its cell envelope consists of cell membrane a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein)

A

gram-positive bacteria

52
Q

its cell envelope consists of a cell membrane (inner membrane), the perisplasm, thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan, and and outer membrane

A

gram-negative bacteria

53
Q

space between the inner and outer membrane

A

periplasm

54
Q

some bacterial cells contain small additional loops of DNA called –

A

plasmids

55
Q

plasmids often contain genes to code for –

A

resistance

56
Q

– is a layer of sugars and proteins on the outer surface of some bacterial cells that forms a sticky layer that can help the cell attach to surfaces and keep bacterial cells from being phagocytosed

A

capsule

57
Q

bacterial flagella consist of the protein flagellin in a hollow, helical conformation that anchors into the –

A

cell membrane

58
Q

– in the cell membrane provides power to rotate each flagellum

A

proton pump

59
Q

– are tiny proteins that generally cover the surface of some types of bacterial cells to assist in adhesion

A

pili

60
Q

A few species of bacteria are cable of creating – when environmental conditions are not favorable

A

spores

61
Q

when bacteria are in spore form they are capable of surviving –

A

bad conditions for years

62
Q

Since bacteria lack nucleus they cannot perform –

A

mitosis

63
Q

bacteria divide by –

A

binary fission

64
Q

three ways to introduce variation into bacterial population

A

mutation, conjugation, or transformation

65
Q

in the process of – one bacterial cell copies its plasmid which is passed to another cell

A

conjugation

66
Q

most commonly studied type of plasmid to be passed is called

A

F plasmid (F factor)

67
Q

the physical connection between F+ and F-

A

sex pilus

68
Q

sex pilus is made by

A

male or F+

69
Q

once conjugation is complete, both cells are – and contain the plasmid

A

male

70
Q

Using conjugation provides a – mechanism to pass plasmids within a population

A

rapid

71
Q

T or F: sometimes plasmids become integrated into the chromosomes and so some of the bacterial chromosome can be transferred during conjugation

A

true

72
Q

some bacteria are resistant to multiple antibiotics because they have picked up several – (which encode for resistance) via conjugation

A

plasmids

73
Q

some bacteria pick up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own chromosomal DNA

A

transformation

74
Q

bacteria capable of transformation are termed

A

competent

75
Q

T or F: bacteria can only be naturally competent

A

false: some bacteria are naturally competent others can be coerced to develop competence by artificial lab means

76
Q

regulation of bacterial gene expression is primarily by

A

operons

77
Q

– on the DNA where RNA polymerase must bind

A

promoter sequence

78
Q

Can the gene be transcribed if the promoter is inaccessible?

A

no

79
Q

– on the DNA where a repressor protein can bind

A

operator sequence

80
Q

When a repressor is bound to the operator, the promotor sequence will be blocked such that the – cannot access the site

A

RNA polymerase

81
Q

A – that produces a repressor protein when expressed

A

regulator gene

82
Q

– which are actual genes being regulated by the operon

A

structural genes

83
Q

operons that are “off”

A

inducible

84
Q

operons that are “on”

A

repressible

85
Q

In an inducible operon, the repressor always binds to the – so that transcription is always prevented unless an inducer is present

A

operator

86
Q

When a – is present, it binds to the repressor, preventing the repressor from binding to the operator –> transcription

A

inducer

87
Q

In repressible operon systems, the repressor is always – such that transcription always occurs

A

inactive

88
Q

In repressible operon systems, only when a – is present to interact with the repressor can transcription be inhibited

A

corepressor

89
Q

All operons have 4 basic features

A

promoter sequence, operator sequence, regulator gene, and structural genes

90
Q

Stages of bacterial growth cycle

A

lag, logarithmic growth, stationary phase, and decline

91
Q

In bacteria, there is an initial – in growth that occurs when a new population of bacteria begins to reproduce

A

lag

92
Q

lag time is normally –

A

brief

93
Q

As bacteria begin to perform binary fission at a very rapid rate, – occurs

A

logarithmic growth

94
Q

As the number of bacteria increase, resources such as food and space decrease and while some bacteria are still dividing, some are dying which evens out the population

A

stationary phase

95
Q

As the population hits it maximum, the lack of nutrients as well as toxins means that the population will begin to –

A

decline

96
Q

During decline, few species of bacteria will start making –

A

spores

97
Q

most yeasts and some molds

A

ascomycetes

98
Q

fungi all sexual reproduction via conjugation and nuclear fission (mushrooms)

A

basidiomycetes

99
Q

most bread molds

A

zygomycetes

100
Q

viruses only need – and –

A

genetic material (DNA or RNA) and capsid (protective protein coat)

101
Q

T or F: viruses can self-assemble

A

true

102
Q

T or F: The viral genome (a collection of all the genes present) can consist of only a few genes

A

False: they can range up to a few 100 genes

103
Q

viruses are categorized as

A

animal viruses, plant viruses or bacteriophages

104
Q

In order for a virus to infect a cell, that cell must have a – for the virus

A

receptor

105
Q

Viruses can – another substance for which a cell has a legitimate need and thus have a receptor for it

A

mimic

106
Q

After bidding to a host cell’s membrane receptor, the viral genetic material enters the host by – or –

A

injecting itself across the cell membrane or endocytosis

107
Q

Because each virus contains a copy of the original genetic material, they should all b genetically –

A

identical

108
Q

– are the primary ways to induce variation into the viral population

A

mutations

109
Q

Release of new viruses can be via – of the cell membrane which immediately kills the host cell

A

lysis

110
Q

the new viruses are shipped out of the host cell via exocytosis

A

budding

111
Q

Budding does not immediately kill the host cell but –

A

may eventually kill it

112
Q

Some viruses are capable of alternating between – and – forms

A

latent and active

113
Q

infection caused by specific – (such as cold sores) are notorious for alternating between active and lateen forms

A

herpes viruses

114
Q

– was the first retrovirus discovered

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

115
Q

process of converting viral RNA backward to DNA

A

reverse transcription

116
Q

reverse transcription is achieved by

A

reverse transcriptase

117
Q

Animals are unique because the embryos go through a – stage (no other kingdom)

A

blastula

118
Q

plants use – to respond to sunlight

A

auxins

119
Q

– are believed to be the first eukaryotes

A

protists

120
Q

methane generators

A

methanogens

121
Q

salt lovers

A

halophiles

122
Q

DNA viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

123
Q

When viruses infect new bacterial hosts, delivering viral genome and some bacterial genes

A

transduction

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions