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Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

collect info from other neurons

A

dendrites

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2
Q

contains the nucleus and most cell organelles

A

cell body

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3
Q

integrates info collected by dendrites and initiates nerve impulses at the beginning of the axon

A

axon hillock

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4
Q

conducts action potential away from the cell body

A

axon

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5
Q

nerve cells that are excitable = generate and transmit electrical signals, more specifically action potentials

A

neurons

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6
Q

modulate neuron activity (provide support)

A

glia

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7
Q

at the tip of the axon that carries Ap away from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell

A

axon terminals

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8
Q

originating cell body

A

presynaptic cell

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9
Q

receiving target cell

A

postsynaptic cell

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10
Q

cluster of nerve cells

A

ganglion (ganglia)

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11
Q

ganglia may be enlarged and fused at the anterior end to form a –

A

brain

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12
Q

cnidarians have simple networks of neurons called – that achieves little or no integration of information

A

nerve nets

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13
Q

in bilaterally symmetric animals, the ganglia are often –

A

paired

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14
Q

The increase in brain size in humans is mostly due to an increase in the –

A

cerebral cortex

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15
Q

the human brain is also highly – and more of it is devoted to associative functions

A

convoluted

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16
Q

In – body size and brain size are correlated, but higher primates fall above this regression line

A

vertebrates

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17
Q

In humans, the – is the largest brain area and is made even larger by convolutions

A

cerebral cortex

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18
Q

The anterior end of neural tube develops into –

A

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

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19
Q

most “primitive” part of the brain that controls breathing and circulation and helps regulate behavior patterns

A

hindbrain

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20
Q

processes visual and auditory info (eg reflexive response to noise)

A

midbrain

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21
Q

most complex and developed portion of the brain

A

forebrain

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22
Q

the posterior end of neural tube develops into

A

spinal cord

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23
Q

the hindbrain becomes

A

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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24
Q

controls physiological functions such as breathing

A

medulla and pons

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25
Q

coordinates muscle activity and maintaining balance

A

cerebellum

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26
Q

Brainstem is composed of

A

midbrain, medulla, and pons

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27
Q

all info traveling between the spinal cord and higher brain areas must pass through the –

A

brainstem

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28
Q

consists of the diencephalon and telencephalon

A

forebrain

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29
Q

Forebrain – = thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

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30
Q

two cerebral hemispheres (also called cerebrum) that process sensory perception, learning, memory and conscious behavior

A

telencephalon

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31
Q

T or F: CNS is encased in bone

A

True

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32
Q

T or F: PNS is encased in bone

A

False

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33
Q

lobe for visual

A

Occipital

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34
Q

lobe for complex sensory processing (visual and auditory)

A

Temporal

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35
Q

lobe for representation of the body and movement in space

A

Parietal

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36
Q

lobe for motor cortex and involved in planning

A

Frontal

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37
Q

The cortex is folded into ridge – and valleys – giving it bigger surface area

A

gyri, sulci

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38
Q

The two hemispheres are – with respect to all functions

A

not symmetrical

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39
Q

divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

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40
Q

located in front of the central sulcus and controls muscles in specific body areas

A

primary motor cortex

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41
Q

parts of the body with fine motor control (face and hands) have – representation

A

disproportionate

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42
Q

inability to identify objects

A

agnosias

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43
Q

If the left brain hemisphere is damaged, there is often some form of – which is a deficit in the ability to use or understand words

A

aphasia

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44
Q

In frontal lobe, just in front of primary motor cortex essential for speech but if damaged can still read and understand language

A

Broca’s area

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45
Q

in temporal lobe, damage results in inability to speak sensibly (written or spoken language is not understood) but can still produce speech

A

Wernicke’s area

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46
Q

near Wernicke’s area; essential for integrating spoken and written language

A

Angular gyrus

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47
Q

the inability to recognize faces even though you can identify people based on hearing or touching

A

prosopagnosia

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48
Q

the left and right hemispheres are connected by white matter called

A

corpus callosum

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49
Q

In the PNS, bundles of axons are called

A

nerves

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50
Q

In the CNS, bundles of axons are called

A

tracts

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51
Q

There are a – of neuron forms

A

variety

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52
Q

The – of all neurons can generate and conduct action potentials

A

plasma membranes

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53
Q

The axon terminals comes extremely close to the membrane of the target cell forming a –

A

synapse

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54
Q

evolution of nervous systems: network of neurons –>

A

ganglia –> brain-spinal cord

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55
Q

sensory relay station

A

thalamus

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56
Q

a vital part of the endocrine system which regulates physiological functions and drives

A

hypothalamus

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57
Q

bundles of axons are surrounded by – tissue

A

connective

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58
Q

some axons in a nerve may be carrying info to the CNS while others in the same nerve are carrying info from the CNS to –

A

the body’s organs

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59
Q

The cerebrum is about 3-4 mm and officially has – layers but is essentially a – sheet

A

6, 2D

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60
Q

verbal and logic

A

LEFT

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61
Q

visual and spatial

A

RIGHT

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62
Q

behavior/movement

A

FRONT

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63
Q

sensory input/perception

A

BACK

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64
Q

more complex

A

OUTSIDE

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65
Q

more essential

A

INSIDE

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66
Q

right body

A

LEFT

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67
Q

left body

A

RIGHT

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68
Q

divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

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69
Q

located in the front of the central sulcus that controls muscles in specific body areas

A

primary motor cortex

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70
Q

parts of the body with fine motor control, such as face and hands, have

A

disproportionate representation

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71
Q

just behind the central sulcus that receives touch and pressure info from the thalamus

A

primary somatosensory motor cortex (parietal lobe)

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72
Q

areas with high densities of mechanoreceptors have

A

disproportionate representation

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73
Q

Normal language ability depends on the flow of info among areas of the – cerebrum

A

left

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74
Q

Damage to the – causes contralateral neglect syndrome where a person is unable to recognize stimuli from the left side of the body

A

right parietal lobe

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75
Q

If the – is cut, knowledge or experience of the right hemisphere can no longer be expressed in language

A

corpus callosum

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76
Q

– allow the AP to pass directly between two neurons

A

electrical synapses

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77
Q

In vertebrates, most synapses are –

A

chemical

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78
Q

chemical AP can travel up at speeds up to

A

100 m/sec

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79
Q

grow around axon and insulate axon with myelin (not in brain or spinal cord)

A

Schwann cells

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80
Q
  1. induce tight junctions between endothelial cells
  2. establish lining of capillaries
  3. establish blood brain barrier
A

Astrocytes

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81
Q

myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord

A

oligodendrocytes

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82
Q

act as macrophages and mediators of inflammatory responses

A

microglia

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83
Q

– is an autoimmune disease that affect myelin

A

Multiple sclerosis

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84
Q

– typically prevents antibodies form entering the brain and spinal cord

A

blood-brain barrier

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85
Q

The sodium-potassium pump requires energy to move – and establish concentration gradients

A

Na + out and K+ in

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86
Q

The inside of the cell is usually – relative to the outside because “leak channels” allow some ions (K+) to diffuse out

A

negative

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87
Q

the electrical charge difference across the membrane which is measured in millivolts between the inside and outside of a neuron

A

membrane potential

88
Q

the steady state membrane potential of a neuron

A

resting potential (-60mV)

89
Q

Under resting conditions:

A

K permeability is high (many open K channels)
Na permeability is low (Na channels are closed)
Cl permeability is also low

90
Q

membrane potential becomes more positive

A

depolarization

91
Q

membrane potential becomes more negative

A

hyperpolarization

92
Q

An – is a sudden, rapid reversal in the voltage across a portion of the plasma membrane

A

action potential

93
Q

For – positively charged ions flow into the cell making the inside of the cell more positive than the outside

A

1 or 2 milliseconds

94
Q

open and close in response to the membrane’s potential

A

voltage-gated channels

95
Q

open and close in response to the presence or absence of a specific chemical/NT which can bind directly to the channel protein

A

chemically-gated channels

96
Q

only K+ channel open

A

resting potential

97
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channel open

A

depolarized: Na+ ions enter the cell traveling down its concentration gradient

98
Q

chemically gated K+ channel open

A

hyperpolarized

99
Q

The membrane potential at any given time depends on

A

how many and which channels are open

100
Q

the resting potential is – because the resting membrane is permeable mainly to K+

A

negative

101
Q

Until a – is reached when large numbers of these channels simultaneously open and a very rapid AP “spike” is produced

A

threshold

102
Q

A new AP cannot be generated again at the part of the membrane until the voltage-gated Na – itself for the next AP

A

resets

103
Q

there is a short – during which theses voltage-gated Na channels cannot open

A

refractory period

104
Q

begins slowly through already open K channels

A

repolarization: more K ions leave the cell traveling down its concentration gradient

105
Q

T or F: AP are conducted down axons without reduction in signal

A

True

106
Q

An AP is – because it spreads to adjacent membrane regions

A

self-generating

107
Q

– enables saltatory conduction

A

myelin

108
Q

The – are regularly spaced gaps in the myelin along an axon

A

nodes of Ranvier

109
Q

Saltatory Conduction: AP are generated at the – and the positive current flows down the inside of the axon

A

nodes

110
Q

AP appear to jump from node to node, a form of propagation called

A

saltatory conduction

111
Q

Myelin is oil-like and reduces the “capacitance” of the axon membrane, with fewer ions needed to depolarize

A

change in membrane potential is faster and requires less energy

112
Q

are chemical synapses between motor neurons and skeletal muscles

A

neuromuscular junctions

113
Q

the neurotransmitter of neuromuscular junctions is

A

acetylchloline

114
Q

The arrival of – causes the release of a neurotransmitter

A

AP

115
Q

the ability to sense stimuli arising within the body regarding position, motion, and equilibrium

A

proprioception

116
Q

Membrane receptor proteins of sensory cells generally cause ion channels to open or close, causing a change in membrane potential called

A

receptor potential

117
Q

the receptor protein itself is part of the ion channel and by changing its conformation, opens and closes the channel pore

A

ionotropic sensory detection

118
Q

the receptor protein is linked to a G protein that activates a cascade of intracellular events that eventually open or close ion channels

A

metabotropic sensory detection

119
Q

ion channels or directly affect ion channels

A

ionotropic receptor proteins

120
Q

examples of ionotropic receptor proteins

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, electrosensors

121
Q

affect ion channels through G proteins and second messengers

A

metabotropic receptor proteins

122
Q

examples of metabotropic receptor proteins

A

chemoreceptors, photoreceptors

123
Q

different senses connect to different targets

A

labeled lines

124
Q

responsible for taste and smell

also monitor internal environment such as CO2 blood levels

A

chemoreceptors

125
Q

sense of smell

A

olfaction

126
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation

127
Q

olfactory sensors are embedded in – at the top of the nasal cavity (vertebrates)

A

epithelial tissue

128
Q

axons extend to the – in the brain, dendrites end in olfactory hairs on the –

A

olfactory bulb, nasal epithelium

129
Q

a molecule that enters the nasal cavity and binds to an olfactory receptor protein on the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)

A

odorant

130
Q

olfactory receptor proteins are specific for particular –

A

odorants

131
Q

In the olfactory bulb, axons from ORNs with the same receptor types cluster together to form – which integrate info from olfactory receptors

A

glomeruli

132
Q

an accessory structure that traps odorant molecules, converting 3D diffusion to 2D diffusion

A

mucus

133
Q

a paired tubular structure embedded in the nasal epithelium with chemoreceptors in the walls (found in amphibians, reptiles, and many mammals)

A

Vomeronasal organ

134
Q

chemical signals used to communicate among individuals of the same species

A

pheromones

135
Q

Taste buds are replaced every – but the associated neurons live on

A

few days

136
Q

Gustation chemoreceptors don’t fire action potentials instead they release transmitter modulates the firing rate of action potentials in –

A

2nd order sensory neurons

137
Q

flavor is due to a combination between – and –

A

taste and smell

138
Q

Na+ channels for salty

Modulation of K+ channels by H+ for sour

A

ionotropic transduction

139
Q

one or two sweet receptors and many bitter receptors via G proteins and 2nd messenger cascades

A

metabotropic transduction

140
Q

are found in muscles, tendons, and ligaments

A

stretch receptors

141
Q

auditory systems use – to sense sound waves

A

hair cells

142
Q

sensory cells that respond to physical (mechanical) forces

A

mechanoreceptors

143
Q

adapt slowly and provide continuous info about anything touching the skin; most important tactile receptor found in hairy and nonhairy skin

A

Merkel’s discs

144
Q

deeper in skin, adapt slowly and provide info about vibrating stimuli of low frequencies

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

145
Q

deeper in skin, adapt rapidly and provide info about vibrating stimuli of high frequencies

A

Pacinian’s corpuscle

146
Q

pain, itch, temperature

A

free nerve endings

147
Q

(nonhairy) very sensitive but adapt rapidly and provide info about chanhges in things touching skin (roll)

A

Meissener’s corpuscles

148
Q

diminishing response to repeated stimulation which enables animals to ignore background conditions but remain sensitive to changing or new stimuli

A

adaptation

149
Q

mechanoreceptors in muscle cells (stretch receptors)

A

muscle spindles

150
Q

the – in tendons and ligaments provides info about the force generated by contracting muscles and prevents muscle tearing

A

Golgi tendon organ

151
Q

the bending of – or hair cells one way or the other depolarizes or hyper polarizes the cell, causing the postsynaptic fiber to increase or reduce its firing rate

A

stereocilia

152
Q

tells fish about movement with respect to water, about pressure waves, and neighboring fish

A

lateral line system

153
Q

The lateral line system (at its hair cells) evolved into - systems

A

vestibular auditory and electrosensory

154
Q

We have 3 pairs of semicircular canals that signal – in 3 orthogonal planes: roll, pitch, yaw

A

rotational acceleration

155
Q

move and bend stereocilia

A

ampullae

156
Q

We have vestibular organs for – and –

A

gravity and linear acceleration

157
Q

In the base of each semicircular canal duct is a – with a cluster of hair cell stereocilia

A

cupula

158
Q

When shifting fluid pushes on the cupula, it bends the – causes a graded potential

A

sterocilia

159
Q

Hair cell depolarizes when bent one way releasing – neurotransmitter

A

more

160
Q

Hair cell hyper polarizes when bent the other way releasing – neurotransmitter

A

less

161
Q

Hair cells do not fire AP – do

A

2nd order cells

162
Q

Outer ear consist or – and –

A

pinna and auditory canal

163
Q

Middle ear consists of the – and –

A

tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles

164
Q

serve to collect sound waves

A

outer ear

165
Q

serves to amplify sound waves for impedance matching between air fluid of inner ear

A

middle ear

166
Q

middle ear ossicles

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

167
Q

consists of cochlea

A

inner ear

168
Q

transduce sound waves to action potentials in auditory nerve

A

inner ear

169
Q

a tapered and coiled chamber composed of three parallel canals separated by the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane

A

cochlea

170
Q

sits on the basilar membrane; transduces pressure waves into action potentials

A

organ of Corti

171
Q

High frequency sound vibrates the – of the basilar membrane

A

base

172
Q

Low frequency sound vibrates the – of the basilar membrane

A

apex

173
Q

Upper and lower canals of the cochlea are joined at –

A

distal end

174
Q

flexible membrane at the end of the tympanic canal of the cochlea

A

round window

175
Q

responsible for photosensitivity

A

rhodopsin

176
Q

photosensitivity depends on the ability of visual pigments to absorb – and undergo a change in –

A

photons of light, conformation

177
Q

part of rhodposin that is not photosensitive alone

A

opsin

178
Q

nonprotein, light-absorbing functional group cradled at the center of opsin and covalently bound to it

A

11-cis-retinal

179
Q

entire rhodopsin molecule sit withing the – of a photoreceptor cell

A

plasma membrane

180
Q

eyecups

A

flatworms

181
Q

Arthropods have compound eyes consisting of many optical units called – each with its own narrow-angle lens

A

ommatidia

182
Q

vertebrate eye consists of 1 optical unit with – lens

A

wide-angle

183
Q

tough connective tissue layer that bounds the vertebrate eye

A

sclera

184
Q

At the front of the eye, the sclera forms the transparent – through which light passes to enter the eye

A

cornea

185
Q

Just inside the cornea is the pigmented – which gives eye color

A

iris

186
Q

controls the amount of light that reaches photoreceptor cells at the back of the eye; under neural control

A

iris

187
Q

What happens to iris and pupil in bright?

A

iris constricts and small pupil

188
Q

What happens to iris and pupil in dark?

A

iris relaxes and large pupil

189
Q

the central opening of the iris

A

pupil

190
Q

Behind the iris is the crystalline protein – which make fine adjustments in the focus of images falling on the retina

A

lens

191
Q

photosensitive layer at the back of the eye

A

retina

192
Q

cornea and fluids within the eye – light rays passing through them so they are focused on the retina

A

bend

193
Q

lenses become – with age

A

less elastic

194
Q

During embryonic development, neural tissue grows out from brain to form the –

A

retina

195
Q

photoreceptor cells are always shedding discs from their – ends as their new ones are being generated by the inner segments

A

distal

196
Q

pigmented epithelial cells – the shed discs

A

phagocytose

197
Q

each outer segments is totally renewed about every –

A

2 weeks

198
Q

photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina

A

rod cells and cone cells

199
Q

highly light sensitive adn perceive shades of gray in dim light

A

rod cells

200
Q

– segment of rod cells contains stack of discs made up of plasma membrane densely packed with rhodopsin

A

outer

201
Q

– segment of rod cells contain cell nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles

A

inner

202
Q

Na+ continually enters the outer segment in the –

A

Dark

203
Q

Stimulated by light the cell –

A

hyperpolarizes

204
Q

a single photon of light results in the

A

closure of many Na+ channels

205
Q

function at high light levels and are responsible for high-acuity color vision of day-active

A

cone cells

206
Q

highest density of cone cells is in the area of retina that receives light from the center of the visual field, a region called the –

A

fovea

207
Q

low sensitivity to light and contribute little to night vision

A

cone cells

208
Q

closest layer of neurons in retina to the lights and thus light

A

ganglion cells

209
Q

central layer of neurons in retina

A

biopolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells

210
Q

the – of the retina fire AP

A

ganglion cells

211
Q

patch of photoreceptors that communicate with a ganglion cell forms a

A

circular receptive field

212
Q

form synapses with neighboring photoreceptors and bipolar cells

A

horizontal cells

213
Q

form local interactions between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

A

amacrine cells

214
Q

bundle of axons in nerve carry info about many things simultaneously

A

nerves

215
Q

2 unrelated stimuli become linked in same response

A

associative learning

216
Q

can consciously recall and describe

A

declarative memory

217
Q

memory of how to perform a task

A

procedural memory

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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