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Life Science 2 > Gas Exchange Systems > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Systems Flashcards

1
Q

– are made up of gas exchange surfaces and the mechanisms that ventilate and perfuse those surfaces

A

gas exchange systems

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2
Q

cells need to obtain oxygen from the environment to produce an adequate supply of – by cellular respiration

A

ATP

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3
Q

CO2 is a – product of cellular respiration and it must be removed from the body to prevent toxic effects

A

end

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4
Q
  • is the only means by which respiratory gases are exchanged between an animal’s internal body fluids and the outside medium
A

diffusion

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5
Q

the total number os gas molecules in a specified volume depends on –

A

pressure

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6
Q

atmospheric pressure at sea level is

A

760 mm of mercury

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7
Q

Because dry air is 20.9% O2, the – at sea level is 20.9% of 760 mm Hg or about 159 mm Hg

A

partial pressure of oxygen

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8
Q

the actual amount of gas in a liquid depends on the partial pressure of that gas in the gas phases in contact with the liquid as well as on the – of that gas in that liquid

A

solubility

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9
Q

the rate at which a gas such as oxygen diffuses between two locations

A

Q

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10
Q

D is the – which is a characteristic of the diffusing substance, the medium, and the temperature

A

diffusion coefficient

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11
Q

all substances diffuse faster at – temperatures and faster in air than in water

A

higher

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12
Q

cross-sectional area through which the gas is diffusing

A

A

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13
Q

P1 and P2 are the – of the gas at the two locations

A

partial pressures

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14
Q

the path length or distance between the two locations

A

L

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15
Q

(P1 -P2)/L is a

A

partial pressure gradient

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16
Q

Animals maximize D for respiratory gases by using – rather than – as their gas exchange medium

A

air rather than water

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17
Q

true or false: the slow diffusion of oxygen molecules in water affects both air-and water- breathing animals

A

true

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18
Q

oxygen content of air is much – than the oxygen content of an equal amount of water

A

higher

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19
Q

oxygen diffuses more – in air than in water

A

rapidly

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20
Q

animals has to do – to mover water or air over its gas exchange surfaces; more energy is required to move the denser water

A

work

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21
Q

fish need more oxygen when water is warmer but warm water carries – oxygen than cold water

A

less

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22
Q

– decreases with altitude

A

oxygen availability

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23
Q

the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere is close to – both and sea level and atop Mount Everest

A

zero

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24
Q

getting rid of CO2 is not a problem for water breathing animals because CO2 is much more – in water than O2

A

soluble

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25
Q

– surface area for gas exchange

A

increase

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26
Q

– partial pressure difference driving diffusion

A

maximize

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27
Q

– the diffusion path length

A

minimize

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28
Q

– the diffusion that takes place in an aqueous medium

A

minimize

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29
Q

highly branched and folded extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; found in larval amphibians and insects

A

external gills

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30
Q

very thin tissues in gills and lungs reduce the

A

diffusion path length

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31
Q

external gills are vulnerable to damages so many animals evolved – for gills

A

protective body cavities

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32
Q

are internal cavities for respiratory gas exchange with air

A

lungs

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33
Q

lungs have a large surface area because they are highly – and because they are elastic they can be – with air and deflated

A

divided; inflated

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34
Q

actively moving the external medium (air or water) over the gas exchange surfaces regularly exposes those surfaces to fresh respiratory medium containing max CO2 and O2 concentrations

A

ventilation

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35
Q

actively moving the internal medium (blood) over the internal side of the exchange surfaces transports CO2 to those surfaces and O2 away from them

A

perfusion

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36
Q

insects’ – system have airways throughout their bodies

A

tracheal

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37
Q

insect respiratory system communicates with the outside environment though gated openings called – in the side of the abdomen

A

spiracles

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38
Q

spiracles open to allow gas exchange and then close to decrease –

A

water loss

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39
Q

spiracles open into tubes called tracheae that branch into even finer tubes or tracheoles which end in tiny – that are the actual gas exchange surfaces

A

air capillaries

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40
Q

in insect’s – are close to an air capillary

A

highly active tissues

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41
Q

fish gills use - flow to maximize gas exchange

A

countercurrent

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42
Q

internal gills of fish are supported by – that lie between the mouth cavity and the protective opercular flaps on the sides of the fish just behind the eyes

A

gill arches

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43
Q

water flows – into the fish’s mouth, over the gils and out from under the opercular flaps

A

unidirectionally

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44
Q

true or false: fish gills are continuously bathed with fresh water maximizing PO2 on the external gill surfaces

A

true

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45
Q

on the internal side of the gill membranes, the circulation of blood – the PO2 by sweeping O2 away as rapidly as it diffuses

A

minimizes

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46
Q

each gill consists of 100s of ribbonlike –

A

gill filaments

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47
Q

the upper and lower flat surfaces of each gill filament are covered with rows of evenly spaced folds called

A

lamellae

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48
Q

gas exchange surfaces for fish

A

lamellae

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49
Q

– blood vessels bring deoxygenated blood to the gills

A

afferent

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50
Q

– blood vessels take oxygenated blood away from the gills

A

efferent

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51
Q

blood perfusion of the lamellae is – to the flow of water over the lamellae

A

countercurrent

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52
Q

some fish (anchovies, tuna, certain sharks) ventilate their gills by – with their mouths open

A

constantly swimming

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53
Q

most fish ventilate their gills by a

A

two-pump mechanism

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54
Q

lungs of a bird are - than the lungs of a similar-sized mammal

A

smaller

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55
Q

bird lungs are – during inhalation and – during exhalation

A

compressed during inhalation

expand during exhalation

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56
Q

the remaining air in lungs and airways after exhalation

A

dead space

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57
Q

air flow – through the lungs in birds

A

unidirectionally

58
Q

birds have very little – and the fresh incoming air is not mixed with stale air

A

dead space

59
Q

birds have – at several locations in their bodies

A

air sacs

60
Q

in birds, – receive inhaled air but are not gas exchange surfaces

A

air sacs

61
Q

trachea –> bronchi –> parabronchi –> tiny __

A

air capillaries

62
Q

the gas exchange surface in birds

A

air capillaries

63
Q

a single breath remains in a bird’s gas exchange system for – cycles of inhalation and exhalation

A

2

64
Q

in birds, inhalation – the sacs

A

expands

65
Q

in birds, exhalation – the sacs

A

compresses

66
Q

birds can supply their gas exchange surfaces with a continuous flow of fresh air that has a – close to that of the ambient air

A

PO2

67
Q

In birds, even when the PO2 of the ambient air is only slightly above that of the blood O2 can - from air to blood

A

diffuse

68
Q

– ventilation produces dead space that limits gas exchange efficiency

A

tidal

69
Q

lungs evolved as out pockets of the –

A

digestive tract

70
Q

air flows in and exhaled gases flow out by the same route

A

tidal ventilation

71
Q

normal amount of air that moves in and out per breath when at rest

A

tidal volume (TV)

72
Q

When we breathe in as much as possible, the additional volume is

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

73
Q

additional air that can be forcefully exhaled

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

74
Q

the maximum capacity for air exchange in one breather = TV + IRV + ERV

A

vital capacity

75
Q

dead space is also called

A

residual volume (RV)

76
Q

ERV + RV =

A

functional residual volume

77
Q

RV is important because it contributes to the FRC and to the – of oxygen in inhaled air

A

dilution

78
Q

trachea’s thin walls are prevented from collapsing by C-shaped bands of – as air pressure changes during the breathing cycle

A

cartilage

79
Q

human site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

80
Q

because the airways conduct air only to and from the alveoli and do not themselves participate in gas exchange their volume is

A

dead space

81
Q

where – meets alveolus very little tissue separates them so the length of diffusion path between air and blood is less than 2 micrometers

A

capillary

82
Q

a condition in which inflammation damages and eventually destroys the walls of the alveoli and the 4th leading cause of US deaths

A

emphysema

83
Q

emphysema: lungs have fewer but larger alveoli, RV – and lungs lose elasticity

A

increases

84
Q

mammalian lungs secrete – and – that do not directly influence gas exchange but rather aid ventilation

A

mucus and surfactant

85
Q

lining the airways cilia continually beats sweeping mucus, with its trapped debris, up toward the pharynx where it can be swallowed or spit out

A

mucus escalator

86
Q

substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid

A

surfactant

87
Q

gives the surface of a liquid properties of an elastic membrane

A

surface tension

88
Q

fatty, detergent-like substance that is critical for reducing the work necessary to inflate lungs

A

lung surfactant

89
Q

certain cells in the alveoli release surfactant molecules when they are –

A

stretched

90
Q

lungs are ventilated by – in the thoracic cavity

A

pressure changes

91
Q

the lungs lie within the – which is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm

A

thoracic cavity

92
Q

each lung is covered by a continuous sheet of tissue called the – that also lines the thoracic cavity adjacent to that lung

A

pleural membrane

93
Q

air enters the lungs from the – via the trachea and bronchi and eventually reaches the alveoli

A

oral cavity or nasal passages

94
Q

there is no real space between the pleural membranes of the lung and the thoracic cavity but there is a thin –

A

film of fluid

95
Q

pleural membranes cannot separate because of the – of the thin film of fluid between them, they pull on the lungs

A

surface tension

96
Q

true or false: lungs are a closed cavity

A

false: they actually have an airway to the atmosphere and can expand

97
Q

between the ribs are two sets of

A

intercostal muscle

98
Q

expand the thoracic cavity by lifting the ribs up and outward

A

external intercostal muscles

99
Q

decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs down an inward

A

internal intercostal muscles

100
Q

inhalation is an – process spurred by contraction of the diaphragm

A

active

101
Q

exhalation is generally a – process as the diaphragm relaxes

A

passive

102
Q

there is always – pressure in the pleural cavity which is the space between the pleural membranes

A

negative

103
Q

during inhalation: diaphragm – thoracic cavity expands, intrapleural pressure becomes more negative, lungs expand, air rushes in

A

contracts

104
Q

during exhalation: diaphragm - thoracic cavity contracts, intrapleural pressure becomes less negative, lungs contact, gases are expelled

A

relaxes

105
Q

Ventilation and perfusion work together to maximize the – across the gas exchange surface

A

partial pressure gradients

106
Q

ventilation deliver – to the environmental side of the exchange surface where it diffuses across and is swept away by the perfusing blood which carries it to the tissue that need it

A

oxygen

107
Q

perfusion delivers – to the exchange surface where it diffuse out and is swept away by ventilation

A

carbon dioxide

108
Q

red blood cells contain enormous amount of –

A

hemoglobin molecules

109
Q

an iron-containing ring structure that can reversible bind a molecule of oxygen

A

heme group

110
Q

hemoglobin’s ability to pick up or release oxygen depends on the – in its environment

A

PO2

111
Q

as the blood circulates around the body, it releases only about – in four of the O2 molecules it carries

A

one

112
Q

hemoglobin keeps 75% of it O2 in reserve to meet the peak demands of –

A

highly active tissues

113
Q

CO bind to hemoglobin with a 230-fold higher – than oxygen

A

affinity

114
Q

the average PO2 of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart is

A

40 mm Hg

115
Q

the PO2 of blood leaving the lungs is about

A

100 mm Hg

116
Q

25% of the O2 in arterial blood is released to tissues during – or light exercise

A

rest

117
Q

an oxygen reserve of 75% is helm by the hemoglobin and can be released to tissues with a low –

A

PO2

118
Q

muscle cells have their own O2 binding molecule

A

myoglobin

119
Q

myoglobin consists of just – polypeptide chain associated with an iron-containing ring structure that can bind one O2 molecule

A

one

120
Q

myoglobin has a higher – for O2 than hemoglobin does, so it picks up and hold O2 at PO2 values at which hemoglobin is releasing bound O2

A

affinity

121
Q

human fetus has a form of hemoglobin consisting of two a-globin and two –

A

y-globin chains

122
Q

fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin shifting the oxygen binding/dissociation curve to the

A

left

123
Q

the influence of pH on the function of hemoglobin

A

Bohr effect

124
Q

blood passes through metabolically active tissues picking up acidic metabolites –> blood pH falls –> hemoglobin release – of its O2

A

more

125
Q

low PO2 –> increase rate of glycolysis –> producing more – which is an important regulator of hemoglobin function

A

2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid

126
Q

Like, low pH BPG shifts the O2 binding/dissociation curve of mammalian hemoglobin to the – (lowers hemoglobin’s affinity for O2)

A

right

127
Q

when humans go to high altitudes or exercise, their RBC are exposed to lower PO2 and the level of BPG goes up, making it – for hemoglobin to deliver more O2 to tissues

A

easier

128
Q

the reason fetal hemoglobin has a left-shifted O2binding/dissociation curve is that its y-globin chains have a – affinity for BPG than the B-globin chains of adult hemoglobin

A

lower

129
Q

most CO2 produced by tissues is transported to the lungs in the for of

A

bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

130
Q

When CO2 dissolves in water, some of it slowly reacts with the water molecules to form – some of which then dissociates into a proton (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

131
Q

In the endothelial cells of the capillaries and in the RBC, the enzyme - speeds up the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3

A

carbonic anhydrase (only speeds up a reversible react but does not determine direction)

132
Q

groups of respiratory motor neurons in the – increase their firing rates just before an inhalation begins

A

medulla

133
Q

a small amount of CO2 in the bloodstream stimulates a – increase in breathing rate

A

large

134
Q

a large drop in arterial O2 has – effect on breathing rates

A

little

135
Q

If the brainstem is cut below the pons but above the medulla, breathing –

A

continues but is irregular

136
Q

if the spinal cord in the neck is severed, breathing

A

ceases

137
Q

for water-breathing animals, – is the primary feedback stimulus for gill ventilation

A

oxygen

138
Q

chemoreceptors on the surface of the medulla are sensitive to the – and – of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

PCO2 and pH

139
Q

chemoreceptors on large blood vessels leaving the heart are sensitive to the - in blood

A

oxygen

140
Q

the real stimulus for breathing is

A

pH (although me measure PCO2)

141
Q

carotid and aortic bodies are

A

chemosensors

Life Science 2 (12 decks)

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