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Pharmacology > Sex Hormones > Flashcards

Sex Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main sex hormones and which receptors do they act on

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

Androgen/testosterone

Act nuclear hormone dep receptors (which recruit rna pol)

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2
Q

Which 2 cycles are included in the menstrual cycle

A

Ovarian cycle (dev of follicles and release)

Uterine cycle (growth of endometrium)

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3
Q

How is oestrogen important in menstrual cycle / fertility

A

It causes development of follicles

Allows build up of endometrium for fertilised egg

Allows uterine contraction

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4
Q

How is oestrogen important for lactation

A

Duct growth

Inhibition of prolactin

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5
Q

How does oestrogen make people gain weight

A

It is anabolic, builds fat muscle and skin

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6
Q

When does progesterone become important

A

After ovulation to maintain the emdometrium

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7
Q

What does endometrium receptivity mean via progesterone

A

Ability for blastocyst / ovum to attach to it when fertilised

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8
Q

Does progesterone also allow lactation

A

Yes (also via inhibiting prolactin)

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9
Q

What is the disorder without progesterone called causing infertility

A

PMS

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10
Q

Which hormonal axis is involved in menstrual cycle

A

HPO (hypothalmic, pituitary, ovary axis)

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11
Q

Which hormone triggers release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotropin RH

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12
Q

Which nucleus produces Gonadotropin RH

A

Arcuate nucleus

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13
Q

Which sex hormone does fsh release allow production of

A

Oestrogen

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14
Q

Where does fsh bind to to produce oestrogen

A

Granulosa cells on Graafian follicle

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15
Q

Where does Lh bind

A

Corpus luteum ( differentiated granulosa and the cal cells)

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16
Q

What happens when LH binds to corpus luteum/granulosa and theca

A

Production of progesterone

And stimulation of oestrogen

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17
Q

Why is it important for the LH to stimulate the progesterone and oestrogen in the luteal phase

A

To thicken the endometrium ready for fertilised egg

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18
Q

What negative feedbacks to stop fsh production

A

Production of too much oestrogen

19
Q

What things does Progesterone increase and oestrogen in luteal phase NF to

A

Stop GnRH, fsh and LH (stop follicular maturation and ovulation)

20
Q

How is progesterone produced

A

When LH binds to corpus luteum / the cal cells and causes a cascade to convert cholesterol to progesterone

21
Q

What is progesterone metabolised into

A

Testosterone

22
Q

What happens when fsh binds to granulosa cells

A

Production of oestrogen from testosterone from the cal cells

Via aromatase induction

23
Q

Why is fsh high at the start of menstrual cycle

A

Because oestrogen was decreased when sperm wasn’t present causing feedback to release FSH

24
Q

Why is it important for fsh to be high at follicular phase

A

Binds to granulosa and oestrogen is produced from testosterone via aromatase

Oestrogen needed for maturation of follicle

25
Q

Apart from maturation of follicle was does high oestrogen allow

A

Proliferation of endometrium

26
Q

When is there an LH surge

A

At ovulation day 14 to cause release of oocyte

27
Q

What peaks in the luteal phase for continued development of endometrium and holding of corpus luteum

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

28
Q

Which hormone is needed to prevent regression of corpus luteum into albicans

A

HCG

29
Q

What would happen if no HCG present

A

Progesterone and oestrogen can’t be maintained in corpus luteum

Period begins (breakdown of endometrium)

LH and FSH start to increase again

30
Q

What substance thickens for sperm passage when pregnant due to progesterone

A

Mucus

31
Q

Which types of receptor agonists would stop follicular maturation and ovulation via fsh and LH decrease

A

Oestrogen and progesterone receptor agonists

32
Q

How does the combination pill work

A

Oestrogen receptor agonist —- blocks release of fsh = no maturation

Progesterone receptor agonist —— blocks fsh and LH

LH inhibition would stop ovulation day 14

33
Q

What do progesterone agonists also do to stop sperm

A

Build mucus even more

34
Q

Why would combination pill make you fat

A

Oestrogenic receptor agonist effects

Anabolic build up of fat

35
Q

Why would oestrogen receptor agonists cause thromboembolic disease like DVT

A

Too much prothrombin production into thrombin via oestrogen stimulation

36
Q

How does the emergency contraceptive pill work

A

Progesterone receptor antagonist

Would break down the endometrium and stop mucus production so not stable for fertilisation

37
Q

Why are ER and PR agonists important for menopause replacement therapy

A

Follicular cells in menopause decrease

Also oestrogen lacks in menopause so it’s a replacement to cause maturation

38
Q

What is an issue with HRT for menopause

A

It increase ER and PR which stop the actual ovulation of the egg via LH inhibition

39
Q

How is ovulation induced

A

Via fsh and LH agonists

40
Q

How can ER partial agonists stimulate ovulation

A

By allowing early maturation

41
Q

Which 2 types of drugs are given for anti cancer

A

ER antagonists

ER partial agonists (SERM) eg tamoxifen

42
Q

How can hormone antagonists for cancer work eg er antagonists

A

Blocking their receptors

Or blocking production eg via aromatase blockage

43
Q

How is a serm partial antagonist like tamoxifen stopping cell proliferation

A

It binds to the nuclear hormone receptor and when receptor binds to dna it is unstable so can’t recruit rna polymerase

No proteins are translated so no cell proliferation

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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