Asthma Treatment

Question 1

Where does the involuntary respiratory control occur

Answer 1

Medulla

Question 2

Which neurones affect diaphragm in voluntary respiratory control

Answer 2

Motor neurones

Question 3

What things do PNS cause and why

Answer 3

Bronchoconstriction and increased mucus

Via ach binding to M3 receptors causing increased IP3–> increased ca —> bronchoconstriction

Question 4

How does the efferent pathway cause bronchodilation

Answer 4

Via SNS B2 binding via nadr/adr

Question 5

Which stimuli affect sensory receptors which then affects respiration in afferent system

Answer 5

Chemicals
Allergens
Cold air
Inflammatory mediators eg leukotienes

Question 6

What causes asthma

Answer 6

Response of sensory receptors to stimuli which aren’t normally causing obstruction

Question 7

What happens in the immediate phase of asthma

Answer 7

Bronchospasm/ constriction due to stimuli eg cold air, allergens

Question 8

Which things cause bronchospasm and mucus production in the immediate phase and how

Answer 8

Spasmogens- histamine, leukotienes

They cause bronchospasm when interact with mast cells

Question 9

How do spasmogens also cause / stimulate the inflammatory response in the late phase of asthma

Answer 9

Release chemotaxins which attract WBC

Question 10

What influxes in late phase which causes bronchial damage and hypersensitivity to stimuli

Answer 10

Cytokine releasing lymphocytes and eosinophils

Question 11

What are the 3 drugs called which stop bronchospasm via spasmogens by bronchodilation

Answer 11

B2 agonists
M3 antagonists
Xanthines

Question 12

What is a negative side effect of B2 agonists treating bronchospasm via vasodilation / bronchodilation

Answer 12

Causes tremors

Question 13

How do M3 antagonists work

Answer 13

They block ach binding to M3 in the PNS response

This stops bronchoconstriction and causes dilation instead aswell as decreased mucus secretion

Question 14

What are the 2 uses of xanthines

Answer 14

Cause bronchodilation to treat bronchospasm

Also stop inflammatory response

Question 15

What is an issue with xanthines

Answer 15

Very small TI

Also causes tremors

Question 16

What are the 2 effects of glucocorticoid

Answer 16

They are anti inflammatory and treat bronchospasm

Question 17

How do glucocorticoid work

Answer 17

Induce lipocortin production

This causes decreased production of spasmogens eg leukotienes via blocking phospholipase A2

This also therefore causes less chemotaxin release and causes immunosuppression (less cytokine releasing lymphocytes)

Question 18

What are the 2 negative side effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 18

1- immunosuppressive Via blocking phospholipase A2

2- glucocorticoid side effects like Cushing syndrome

Question 19

What is the drug called which stabilises mast cells and prevents spasmogens release

Answer 19

Cromolyn

Question 20

What is the drugs called which stop leukotienes binding and therefore stop bronchospasm aswell as inflammatory response via chemotaxins

Answer 20

leukotiene receptor antagonist

Question 21

Which nerves in respiratory system allow coughing

Answer 21

Intercostal and phrenic nerves

Question 22

How is cough stimulation similar to asthma

Answer 22

Sensory detect stimuli like cold air and cause coughing via phrenic or intercostal nerves

Question 23

Name 2 ways cough drugs work

Answer 23

Reduce sensory sensitivity to stimuli

Regulate the cough centre in the brain via opioid receptors